肺切除手术患者术前肺功能评估肺科共识_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

 姜格宁 , 张雷 , 朱余明 , 陈昶 , 周晓 , 刘锦铭 , 张鹏 , 汪浩 , 谢博雄 , 王海峰 , 蒋雷 , 范江 , 赵德平 , 陈乾坤 , 段亮 , 何文新 , 周逸鸣 , 刘鸿程 , 赵晓刚 , 秦雄 , 杨洋

上海市肺科医院胸外科（上海 200433）;

Corresponding author：

姜格宁, Email: jgnwp@aliyun.com

Keywords：

肺切除; 肺功能; 评估; 共识

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.201910039

Video：

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Citation： 姜格宁, 张雷, 朱余明, 陈昶, 周晓, 刘锦铭, 张鹏, 汪浩, 谢博雄, 王海峰, 蒋雷, 范江, 赵德平, 陈乾坤, 段亮, 何文新, 周逸鸣, 刘鸿程, 赵晓刚, 秦雄, 杨洋. 肺切除手术患者术前肺功能评估肺科共识. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2020, 27(1): 1-9. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.201910039 Copy

1.	Boushy SF, Billig DM, North LB, et al. Clinical course related to preoperative and postoperative pulmonary function in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest, 1971, 59(4): 383-391.
2.	Miller JI. Physiologic evaluation of pulmonary function in the candidate for lung resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1993, 105(2): 347-351.
3.	Bechard D, Wetstein L. Assessment of exercise oxygen consumption as preoperative criterion for lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg, 1987, 44(4): 344-349.
4.	Ferguson MK, Little L, Rizzo L, et al. Diffusing capacity predicts morbidity and mortality after pulmonary resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1988, 96(6): 894-900.
5.	Wyser C, Stulz P, Solèr M, et al. Prospective evaluation of an algorithm for the functional assessment of lung resection candidates. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1999, 159(5 Pt 1): 1450-1456.
6.	British Thoracic Society, Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland Working Party. BTS guidelines: guidelines on the selection of patients with lung cancer for surgery. Thorax, 2001, 56(2): 89-108.
7.	Brunelli A, Charloux A, Bolliger CT, et al. ERS/ESTS clinical guidelines on fitness for radical therapy in lung cancer patients (surgery and chemo-radiotherapy). Eur Respir J, 2009, 34(1): 17-41.
8.	Brunelli A, Kim AW, Berger KI, et al. Physiologic evaluation of the patient with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest, 2013, 143(5 Suppl): e166S-e190S.
9.	Colice GL, Shafazand S, Griffin JP, et al. Physiologic evaluation of the patient with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery: ACCP evidenced-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest, 2007, 132(3 Suppl): 161S-177S.
10.	Bolliger CT, Jordan P, Soler M, et al. Exercise capacity as a predictor of postoperative complications in lung resection candidates. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1995, 151: 1472-1480.
11.	Holden DA, Rice TW, Stelmach K, et al. Exercise testing, 6-min walk, and stair climb in the evaluation of patients at high risk for pulmonary resection. Chest, 1992, 102(6): 1774-1779.
12.	Markos J, Mullan BP, Hillman DR, et al. Preoperative assessment as a predictor of mortality and morbidity after lung resection. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1989, 139(4): 902-910.
13.	Pierce RJ, Copland JM, Sharpe K, et al. Preoperative risk evaluation for lung cancer resection: predicted postoperative product as a predictor of surgical mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1994, 150(4): 947-955.
14.	Wahi R, McMurtrey MJ, DeCaro LF, et al. Determinants of perioperative morbidity and mortality after pneumonectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 1989, 48: 33-37.
15.	Nakahara K, Monden Y, Ohno K, et al. A method for predicting postoperative lung function and its relation to postoperative complications in patients with lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 1985, 39: 260-265.
16.	Ferguson MK, Siddique J, Karrison T. Modeling major lung resection outcomes using classification trees and multiple imputation techniques. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2008, 34(5): 1085-1089.
17.	Licker MJ, Widikker I, Robert J, et al. Operative mortality and respiratory complications after lung resection for cancer: impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and time trends. Ann Thorac Surg, 2006, 81(5): 1830-1837.
18.	Berry MF, Villamizar-Ortiz NR, Tong BC, et al. Pulmonary function tests do not predict pulmonary complications after thoracoscopic lobectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 89(4): 1044-1051.
19.	Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS. Different diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide as predictors of respiratory morbidity. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 88(2): 405-410.
20.	Liptay MJ, Basu S, Hoaglin M, et al. Diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is an independent prognostic factor for long-term survival after curative lung resection for cancer. J Surg Oncol, 2009, 100(8): 703-707.
21.	Ferguson M, Dignam JJ, Siddique J, et al. Diffusing capacity predicts long-term survival after lung resection for cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2012, 41(5): e81-e86.
22.	Kobayashi K, Saeki Y, Kitazawa S, et al. Three-dimensional computed tomographic volumetry precisely predicts the postoperative pulmonary function. Surg Today, 2017, 47(11): 1303-1311.
23.	Le Roux PY, Leong TL, Barnett SA, et al. Gallium-68 perfusion positron emission tomography/computed tomography to assess pulmonary function in lung cancer patients undergoing surgery. Cancer Imaging, 2016, 16(1): 24.
24.	Bolton JW, Weiman DS, Haynes JL, et al. Stair climbing as an indicator of pulmonary function. Chest, 1987, 92(5): 783-788.
25.	Brunelli A, Al Refai M, Monteverde M, et al. Stair climbing test predicts cardiopulmonary complications after lung resection. Chest, 2002, 121(4): 1106-1110.
26.	Brunelli A, Refai M, Xiumé F, et al. Performance at symptom-limited stair-climbing test is associated with increased cardiopulmonary complications, mortality, and costs after major lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg, 2008, 86(1): 240-247.
27.	Brunelli A, Xiumé F, Refai M, et al. Peak oxygen consumption measured during the stair-climbing test in lung resection candidates. Respiration, 2010, 80(3): 207-211.
28.	Novoa NM, Esteban P, Rodriguez M, et al. Functional evaluation before lung resection: searching for a low technology test in a safer environment for the patient: a pilot study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 51(5): 856-860.
29.	Singh SJ, Morgan MD, Scott S, et al. Development of a shuttle walking test of disability in patients with chronic airways obstruction. Thorax, 1992, 47(12): 1019-1024.
30.	Win T, Jackson A, Groves AM, et al. Comparison of shuttle walk with measured peak oxygen consumption in patients with operable lung cancer. Thorax, 2006, 61(1): 57-60.
31.	Benzo RP, Sciurba FC. Oxygen consumption, shuttle walking test and the evaluation of lung resection. Respiration, 2010, 80(1): 19-23.
32.	Nakagawa T, Tomioka Y, Toyazaki T, et al. Association between values of preoperative 6-min walk test and surgical outcomes in lung cancer patients with decreased predicted postoperative pulmonary function. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018, 66(4): 220-224.
33.	Lim E, Baldwin D, Beckles M, et al. Guidelines on the radical management of patients with lung cancer. Thorax, 2010, 65(Suppl 3): i1-i27.
34.	Olsen GN, Weiman DS, Bolton JW, et al. Submaximal invasive exercise testing and quantitative lung scanning in the evaluation for tolerance of lung resection. Chest, 1989, 95(2): 267-273.
35.	Benzo R, Kelley GA, Recchi L, et al. Complications of lung resection and exercise capacity: a meta-analysis. Respir Med, 2007, 101(8): 1790-1797.
36.	Loewen GM, Watson D, Kohman L, et al. Preoperative exercise Vo2 measurement for lung resection candidates: results of Cancer and Leukemia Group B Protocol 9238. J Thorac Oncol, 2007, 2(7): 619-625.
37.	Bayram AS, Candan T, Gebitekin C. Preoperative maximal exercise oxygen consumption test predicts postoperative pulmonary morbidity following major lung resection. Respirology, 2007, 12(4): 505-510.
38.	Torchio R, Guglielmo M, Giardino R, et al. Exercise ventilatory inefficiency and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2010, 38(1): 14-19.
39.	Bobbio A, Chetta A, Internullo E, et al. Exercise capacity assessment in patients undergoing lung resection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2009, 35(3): 419-422.
40.	Brunelli A, Belardinelli R, Refai M, et al. Peak oxygen consumption during cardiopulmonary exercise test improves risk stratification in candidates to major lung resection. Chest, 2009, 135(5): 1260-1267.
41.	Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery): developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation 2007, 116(17): e418 - e499.
42.	Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Boersma E, et al. Task Force for Preoperative Cardiac Risk Assessment and Perioperative Cardiac Management in Non-cardiac Surgery; European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Guidelines for pre-operative cardiac risk assessment and perioperative cardiac management in non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J, 2009, 30(22): 2769-2812.
43.	Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation, 1999, 100(10): 1043-1049.
44.	Brunelli A, Varela G, Salati M, et al. Recalibration of the revised cardiac risk index in lung resection candidates. Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 90(1): 199-203.
45.	Celli BR. What is the value of preoperative pulmonary function testing? Med Clin North Am, 1993, 77(2): 309-325.
46.	Zibrak JD, O'Donnell CR, Marton K. Indications for pulmonary function testing. Ann Intern Med, 1990, 112(10): 763-771.
47.	Stein M, Koota GM, Simon M, et al. Pulmonary evaluation of surgical patients. JAMA, 1962, 181(9): 765-770.
48.	Kearney DJ, Lee TH, Reilly JJ, et al. Assessment of operative risk in patients undergoing lung resection. Importance of predicted pulmonary function. Chest, 1994, 105(3): 753-759.
49.	Harpole DH, Liptay MJ, DeCamp MM Jr, et al. Prospective analysis of pneumonectomy: risk factors for major morbidity and cardiac dysrhythmias. Ann Thorac Surg, 1996, 61(3): 977-982.
50.	Turner SE, Eastwood PR, Cecins NM, et al. Physiologic responses to incremental and self-paced exercise in COPD: a comparison of three tests. Chest, 2004, 126(3): 766-773.
51.	National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle DR, Adams AM, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med, 2011, 365(5): 395-409.
52.	Shah AA, Barfield ME, Kelsey CR, et al. Outcomes after surgical management of synchronous bilateral primary lung cancers. Ann Thorac Surg, 2012, 93(4): 1055-1060.
53.	Nakata M, Sawada S, Yamashita M, et al. Surgical treatments for multiple primary adenocarcinoma of the lung. Ann Thorac Surg, 2004, 78(4): 1194-1199.
54.	De Leyn P, Moons J, Vansteenkiste J, et al. Survival after resection of synchronous bilateral lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2008, 34(6): 1215-1222.
55.	Adebonojo SA, Moritz DM, Danby CA. The results of modern surgical therapy for multiple primary lung cancers. Chest, 1997, 112(3): 693-701.
56.	Deschamps C, Pairolero PC, Trastek VF, et al. Multiple primary lung cancers. Results of surgical treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1990, 99(5): 769-777.
57.	Tsunezuka Y, Matsumoto I, Tamura M, et al. The results of therapy for bilateral multiple primary lung cancers: 30 years experience in a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2004, 30(7): 781-785.
58.	Matsubara T, Toyokawa G, Kinoshita F, et al. Safety of simultaneous bilateral pulmonary resection for metastatic lung tumors. Anticancer Res, 2018, 38(3): 1715-1719.
59.	Yao F, Yang H, Zhao H. Single-stage bilateral pulmonary resections by video-assisted thoracic surgery for multiple small nodules. J Thorac Dis, 2016, 8(3): 469-475.
60.	Makino T, Hata Y, Otsuka H, et al. Simultaneous resection of bilateral anomalous systemic supply to the basal segments of the lungs: a case report. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2015, 10: 140.
61.	Brunelli A, Al Refai M, Monteverde M, et al. Predictors of early morbidity after major lung resection in patients with and without airflow limitation. Ann Thorac Surg, 2002, 74(4): 999-1003.
62.	Linden PA, Bueno R, Colson YL, et al. Lung resection in patients with preoperative FEV1. Chest, 2005, 127(6): 1984-1990.
63.	Brunelli A, Xiumé F, Refai M, et al. Evaluation of expiratory volume, diffusion capacity, and exercise tolerance following major lung resection: a prospective follow-up analysis. Chest, 2007, 131(1): 141-147.
64.	Brunelli A, Refai M, Salati M, et al. Predicted versus observed FEV1 and DLCO after major lung resection: a prospective evaluation at different postoperative periods. Ann Thorac Surg, 2007, 83(3): 1134-1139.
65.	Baldi S, Ruffini E, Harari S, et al. Does lobectomy for lung cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affect lung function? A multicenter national study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2005, 130(6): 1616-1622.
66.	Brenner DR, Boffetta P, Duell EJ, et al. Previous lung diseases and lung cancer risk: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Am J Epidemiol, 2012, 176(7): 573-585.
67.	Suga K, Tsukuda T, Awaya H, et al. Interactions of regional respiratory mechanics and pulmonary ventilatory impairment in pulmonary emphysema: assessment with dynamic MRI and xenon-133 single-photon emission CT. Chest, 2000, 117(6): 1646-1655.

1. Boushy SF, Billig DM, North LB, et al. Clinical course related to preoperative and postoperative pulmonary function in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest, 1971, 59(4): 383-391.
2. Miller JI. Physiologic evaluation of pulmonary function in the candidate for lung resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1993, 105(2): 347-351.
3. Bechard D, Wetstein L. Assessment of exercise oxygen consumption as preoperative criterion for lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg, 1987, 44(4): 344-349.
4. Ferguson MK, Little L, Rizzo L, et al. Diffusing capacity predicts morbidity and mortality after pulmonary resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1988, 96(6): 894-900.
5. Wyser C, Stulz P, Solèr M, et al. Prospective evaluation of an algorithm for the functional assessment of lung resection candidates. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1999, 159(5 Pt 1): 1450-1456.
6. British Thoracic Society, Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland Working Party. BTS guidelines: guidelines on the selection of patients with lung cancer for surgery. Thorax, 2001, 56(2): 89-108.
7. Brunelli A, Charloux A, Bolliger CT, et al. ERS/ESTS clinical guidelines on fitness for radical therapy in lung cancer patients (surgery and chemo-radiotherapy). Eur Respir J, 2009, 34(1): 17-41.
8. Brunelli A, Kim AW, Berger KI, et al. Physiologic evaluation of the patient with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest, 2013, 143(5 Suppl): e166S-e190S.
9. Colice GL, Shafazand S, Griffin JP, et al. Physiologic evaluation of the patient with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery: ACCP evidenced-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest, 2007, 132(3 Suppl): 161S-177S.
10. Bolliger CT, Jordan P, Soler M, et al. Exercise capacity as a predictor of postoperative complications in lung resection candidates. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1995, 151: 1472-1480.
11. Holden DA, Rice TW, Stelmach K, et al. Exercise testing, 6-min walk, and stair climb in the evaluation of patients at high risk for pulmonary resection. Chest, 1992, 102(6): 1774-1779.
12. Markos J, Mullan BP, Hillman DR, et al. Preoperative assessment as a predictor of mortality and morbidity after lung resection. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1989, 139(4): 902-910.
13. Pierce RJ, Copland JM, Sharpe K, et al. Preoperative risk evaluation for lung cancer resection: predicted postoperative product as a predictor of surgical mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1994, 150(4): 947-955.
14. Wahi R, McMurtrey MJ, DeCaro LF, et al. Determinants of perioperative morbidity and mortality after pneumonectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 1989, 48: 33-37.
15. Nakahara K, Monden Y, Ohno K, et al. A method for predicting postoperative lung function and its relation to postoperative complications in patients with lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 1985, 39: 260-265.
16. Ferguson MK, Siddique J, Karrison T. Modeling major lung resection outcomes using classification trees and multiple imputation techniques. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2008, 34(5): 1085-1089.
17. Licker MJ, Widikker I, Robert J, et al. Operative mortality and respiratory complications after lung resection for cancer: impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and time trends. Ann Thorac Surg, 2006, 81(5): 1830-1837.
18. Berry MF, Villamizar-Ortiz NR, Tong BC, et al. Pulmonary function tests do not predict pulmonary complications after thoracoscopic lobectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 89(4): 1044-1051.
19. Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS. Different diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide as predictors of respiratory morbidity. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 88(2): 405-410.
20. Liptay MJ, Basu S, Hoaglin M, et al. Diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is an independent prognostic factor for long-term survival after curative lung resection for cancer. J Surg Oncol, 2009, 100(8): 703-707.
21. Ferguson M, Dignam JJ, Siddique J, et al. Diffusing capacity predicts long-term survival after lung resection for cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2012, 41(5): e81-e86.
22. Kobayashi K, Saeki Y, Kitazawa S, et al. Three-dimensional computed tomographic volumetry precisely predicts the postoperative pulmonary function. Surg Today, 2017, 47(11): 1303-1311.
23. Le Roux PY, Leong TL, Barnett SA, et al. Gallium-68 perfusion positron emission tomography/computed tomography to assess pulmonary function in lung cancer patients undergoing surgery. Cancer Imaging, 2016, 16(1): 24.
24. Bolton JW, Weiman DS, Haynes JL, et al. Stair climbing as an indicator of pulmonary function. Chest, 1987, 92(5): 783-788.
25. Brunelli A, Al Refai M, Monteverde M, et al. Stair climbing test predicts cardiopulmonary complications after lung resection. Chest, 2002, 121(4): 1106-1110.
26. Brunelli A, Refai M, Xiumé F, et al. Performance at symptom-limited stair-climbing test is associated with increased cardiopulmonary complications, mortality, and costs after major lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg, 2008, 86(1): 240-247.
27. Brunelli A, Xiumé F, Refai M, et al. Peak oxygen consumption measured during the stair-climbing test in lung resection candidates. Respiration, 2010, 80(3): 207-211.
28. Novoa NM, Esteban P, Rodriguez M, et al. Functional evaluation before lung resection: searching for a low technology test in a safer environment for the patient: a pilot study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 51(5): 856-860.
29. Singh SJ, Morgan MD, Scott S, et al. Development of a shuttle walking test of disability in patients with chronic airways obstruction. Thorax, 1992, 47(12): 1019-1024.
30. Win T, Jackson A, Groves AM, et al. Comparison of shuttle walk with measured peak oxygen consumption in patients with operable lung cancer. Thorax, 2006, 61(1): 57-60.
31. Benzo RP, Sciurba FC. Oxygen consumption, shuttle walking test and the evaluation of lung resection. Respiration, 2010, 80(1): 19-23.
32. Nakagawa T, Tomioka Y, Toyazaki T, et al. Association between values of preoperative 6-min walk test and surgical outcomes in lung cancer patients with decreased predicted postoperative pulmonary function. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018, 66(4): 220-224.
33. Lim E, Baldwin D, Beckles M, et al. Guidelines on the radical management of patients with lung cancer. Thorax, 2010, 65(Suppl 3): i1-i27.
34. Olsen GN, Weiman DS, Bolton JW, et al. Submaximal invasive exercise testing and quantitative lung scanning in the evaluation for tolerance of lung resection. Chest, 1989, 95(2): 267-273.
35. Benzo R, Kelley GA, Recchi L, et al. Complications of lung resection and exercise capacity: a meta-analysis. Respir Med, 2007, 101(8): 1790-1797.
36. Loewen GM, Watson D, Kohman L, et al. Preoperative exercise Vo2 measurement for lung resection candidates: results of Cancer and Leukemia Group B Protocol 9238. J Thorac Oncol, 2007, 2(7): 619-625.
37. Bayram AS, Candan T, Gebitekin C. Preoperative maximal exercise oxygen consumption test predicts postoperative pulmonary morbidity following major lung resection. Respirology, 2007, 12(4): 505-510.
38. Torchio R, Guglielmo M, Giardino R, et al. Exercise ventilatory inefficiency and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2010, 38(1): 14-19.
39. Bobbio A, Chetta A, Internullo E, et al. Exercise capacity assessment in patients undergoing lung resection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2009, 35(3): 419-422.
40. Brunelli A, Belardinelli R, Refai M, et al. Peak oxygen consumption during cardiopulmonary exercise test improves risk stratification in candidates to major lung resection. Chest, 2009, 135(5): 1260-1267.
41. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery): developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation 2007, 116(17): e418 - e499.
42. Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Boersma E, et al. Task Force for Preoperative Cardiac Risk Assessment and Perioperative Cardiac Management in Non-cardiac Surgery; European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Guidelines for pre-operative cardiac risk assessment and perioperative cardiac management in non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J, 2009, 30(22): 2769-2812.
43. Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation, 1999, 100(10): 1043-1049.
44. Brunelli A, Varela G, Salati M, et al. Recalibration of the revised cardiac risk index in lung resection candidates. Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 90(1): 199-203.
45. Celli BR. What is the value of preoperative pulmonary function testing? Med Clin North Am, 1993, 77(2): 309-325.
46. Zibrak JD, O'Donnell CR, Marton K. Indications for pulmonary function testing. Ann Intern Med, 1990, 112(10): 763-771.
47. Stein M, Koota GM, Simon M, et al. Pulmonary evaluation of surgical patients. JAMA, 1962, 181(9): 765-770.
48. Kearney DJ, Lee TH, Reilly JJ, et al. Assessment of operative risk in patients undergoing lung resection. Importance of predicted pulmonary function. Chest, 1994, 105(3): 753-759.
49. Harpole DH, Liptay MJ, DeCamp MM Jr, et al. Prospective analysis of pneumonectomy: risk factors for major morbidity and cardiac dysrhythmias. Ann Thorac Surg, 1996, 61(3): 977-982.
50. Turner SE, Eastwood PR, Cecins NM, et al. Physiologic responses to incremental and self-paced exercise in COPD: a comparison of three tests. Chest, 2004, 126(3): 766-773.
51. National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle DR, Adams AM, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med, 2011, 365(5): 395-409.
52. Shah AA, Barfield ME, Kelsey CR, et al. Outcomes after surgical management of synchronous bilateral primary lung cancers. Ann Thorac Surg, 2012, 93(4): 1055-1060.
53. Nakata M, Sawada S, Yamashita M, et al. Surgical treatments for multiple primary adenocarcinoma of the lung. Ann Thorac Surg, 2004, 78(4): 1194-1199.
54. De Leyn P, Moons J, Vansteenkiste J, et al. Survival after resection of synchronous bilateral lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2008, 34(6): 1215-1222.
55. Adebonojo SA, Moritz DM, Danby CA. The results of modern surgical therapy for multiple primary lung cancers. Chest, 1997, 112(3): 693-701.
56. Deschamps C, Pairolero PC, Trastek VF, et al. Multiple primary lung cancers. Results of surgical treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1990, 99(5): 769-777.
57. Tsunezuka Y, Matsumoto I, Tamura M, et al. The results of therapy for bilateral multiple primary lung cancers: 30 years experience in a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2004, 30(7): 781-785.
58. Matsubara T, Toyokawa G, Kinoshita F, et al. Safety of simultaneous bilateral pulmonary resection for metastatic lung tumors. Anticancer Res, 2018, 38(3): 1715-1719.
59. Yao F, Yang H, Zhao H. Single-stage bilateral pulmonary resections by video-assisted thoracic surgery for multiple small nodules. J Thorac Dis, 2016, 8(3): 469-475.
60. Makino T, Hata Y, Otsuka H, et al. Simultaneous resection of bilateral anomalous systemic supply to the basal segments of the lungs: a case report. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2015, 10: 140.
61. Brunelli A, Al Refai M, Monteverde M, et al. Predictors of early morbidity after major lung resection in patients with and without airflow limitation. Ann Thorac Surg, 2002, 74(4): 999-1003.
62. Linden PA, Bueno R, Colson YL, et al. Lung resection in patients with preoperative FEV1. Chest, 2005, 127(6): 1984-1990.
63. Brunelli A, Xiumé F, Refai M, et al. Evaluation of expiratory volume, diffusion capacity, and exercise tolerance following major lung resection: a prospective follow-up analysis. Chest, 2007, 131(1): 141-147.
64. Brunelli A, Refai M, Salati M, et al. Predicted versus observed FEV1 and DLCO after major lung resection: a prospective evaluation at different postoperative periods. Ann Thorac Surg, 2007, 83(3): 1134-1139.
65. Baldi S, Ruffini E, Harari S, et al. Does lobectomy for lung cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affect lung function? A multicenter national study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2005, 130(6): 1616-1622.
66. Brenner DR, Boffetta P, Duell EJ, et al. Previous lung diseases and lung cancer risk: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Am J Epidemiol, 2012, 176(7): 573-585.
67. Suga K, Tsukuda T, Awaya H, et al. Interactions of regional respiratory mechanics and pulmonary ventilatory impairment in pulmonary emphysema: assessment with dynamic MRI and xenon-133 single-photon emission CT. Chest, 2000, 117(6): 1646-1655.

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