Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in salvage of cardiogenic shock_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

LIANG Ying ¹ ,  JIANG Fuqing ² ,  HEI Feilong ¹

1. Department of Extracorporeal Circulation, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, P.R.China;
2. Department of Extracorporeal Circulation, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

JIANG Fuqing, Email: 18501050179@126.com; HEI Feilong, Email: heifeilong@126.com

Keywords：

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); cardiogenic shock; acute myocardial infarction; heart transplantation; cardiac surgery; extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR); coronavirus disease 2019

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202101035

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Cardiogenic shock (CS) describes a physiological state of end-organ hypoperfusion characterized by reduced cardiac output in the presence of adequate intravascular volume. Mortality still remains exceptionally high. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) has become the preferred device for short-term hemodynamic support in patients with CS. ECMO provides the highest cardiac output, complete cardiopulmonary support. In addition, the device has portable characteristics, more familiar to medical personnel. VA ECMO provides cardiopulmonary support for patients in profound CS as a bridge to myocardial recovery. This review provides an overview of VA ECMO in salvage of CS, emphasizing the indications, management and further direction.

Citation： LIANG Ying, JIANG Fuqing, HEI Feilong. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in salvage of cardiogenic shock. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2021, 28(11): 1365-1370. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202101035 Copy

1.	Combes A, Price S, Slutsky AS, et al. Temporary circulatory support for cardiogenic shock. Lancet, 2020, 396(10245): 199-212.
2.	Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J, 2016, 37(27): 2129-2200.
3.	Reyentovich A, Barghash MH, Hochman JS. Management of refractory cardiogenic shock. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2016, 13(8): 481-492.
4.	Guglin M, Zucker MJ, Bazan VM, et al. Venoarterial ECMO for adults: JACC Scientific Expert Panel. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 73(6): 698-716.
5.	Thiele H, Ohman EM, de Waha-Thiele S, et al. Management of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction: An update 2019. Eur Heart J, 2019, 40(32): 2671-2683.
6.	Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, et al. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (IABP-SHOCK Ⅱ): Final 12 month results of a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet, 2013, 382(9905): 1638-1645.
7.	Vallabhajosyula S, Prasad A, Bell MR, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use in acute myocardial infarction in the United States, 2000 to 2014. Circ Heart Fail, 2019, 12(12): e005929.
8.	Zavalichi MA, Nistor I, Nedelcu AE, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial Infarction: A systematic review. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 2020: 6126534.
9.	McGugan PL. The role of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am, 2019, 31(3): 419-436.
10.	Khorsandi M, Dougherty S, Bouamra O, et al. Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock after adult cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 12(1): 55.
11.	Charlesworth M, Garcia M, Head L, et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock—A six-year service evaluation. Artif Organs, 2020, 44(7): 709-716.
12.	Sharma AN, Stultz JR, Bellamkonda N, et al. Fulminant myocarditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Am J Cardiol, 2019, 124(12): 1954-1960.
13.	Pozzi M, Banfi C, Grinberg D, et al. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock due to myocarditis in adult patients. J Thorac Dis, 2016, 8(7): E495-502.
14.	Poptsov V, Spirina E, Dogonasheva A, et al. Five years' experience with a peripheral veno-arterial ECMO for mechanical bridge to heart transplantation. J Thorac Dis, 2019, 11(Suppl 6): S889-S901.
15.	Connolly S, Granger E, Hayward C, et al. Long-term outcome in severe left ventricular primary graft dysfunction post cardiac transplantation supported by early use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Transplantation, 2020, 104(10): 2189-2195.
16.	Kasper W, Konstantinides S, Geibel A, et al. Management strategies and determinants of outcome in acute major pulmonary embolism: results of a multicenter registry. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1997, 30(5): 1165-1171.
17.	Corsi F, Lebreton G, Bréchot N, et al. Life-threatening massive pulmonary embolism rescued by venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care, 2017, 21(1): 76.
18.	Guliani S, Das Gupta J, Osofsky R, et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is an effective management strategy for massive pulmonary embolism patients. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2021, 9(2): 307-314.
19.	Djordjevic I, Rahmanian P, Zeriouh M, et al. Treatment of cardiogenic shock in peripartum cardiomyopathy: Case series from a tertiary ECMO center. J Card Surg, 2020, 35(1): 254-257.
20.	Tariq S, Gass A. Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in refractory cardiogenic shock. Cardiol Rev, 2016, 24(1): 26-29.
21.	Keebler ME, Haddad EV, Choi CW, et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in cardiogenic shock. JACC Heart Fail, 2018, 6(6): 503-516.
22.	Keller SP. Management of peripheral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Med, 2019, 47(9): 1235-1242.
23.	Lamb KM, DiMuzio PJ, Johnson A, et al. Arterial protocol including prophylactic distal perfusion catheter decreases limb ischemia complications in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Vasc Surg, 2017, 65(4): 1074-1079.
24.	Eckman PM, Katz JN, El Banayosy A, et al. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock: An introduction for the busy clinician. Circulation, 2019, 140(24): 2019-2037.
25.	Sznycer-Taub NR, Lowery R, Yu S, et al. Hyperoxia is associated with poor outcomes in pediatric cardiac patients supported on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2016, 17(4): 350-358.
26.	Vallabhajosyula S, O'Horo JC, Antharam P, et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with concomitant impella versus venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock. ASAIO J, 2020, 66(5): 497-503.
27.	Aiyagari RM, Rocchini AP, Remenapp RT, et al. Decompression of the left atrium during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using a transseptal cannula incorporated into the circuit. Crit Care Med, 2006, 34(10): 2603-2606.
28.	Russo JJ, Aleksova N, Pitcher I, et al. Left ventricular unloading during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with cardiogenic shock. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 73(6): 654-662.
29.	Alkhouli M, Narins CR, Lehoux J, et al. Percutaneous decompression of the left ventricle in cardiogenic shock patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Card Surg, 2016, 31(3): 177-182.
30.	Wang L, Xing Z. Short-term outcomes of intra-aortic balloon pump combined with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Artif Organs, 2019, 43(6): 561-568.
31.	Aso S, Matsui H, Fushimi K, et al. The effect of intraaortic balloon pumping under venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on mortality of cardiogenic patients: An analysis using a nationwide inpatient database. Crit Care Med, 2016, 44(11): 1974-1979.
32.	Rougé A, Pelen F, Durand M, et al. Argatroban for an alternative anticoagulant in hit during ECMO. J Intensive Care, 2017, 5: 39.
33.	Sanfilippo F, Asmussen S, Maybauer DM, et al. Bivalirudin for alternative anticoagulation in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review. J Intensive Care Med, 2017, 32(5): 312-319.
34.	Chung YS, Cho DY, Sohn DS, et al. Is stopping heparin safe in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment? ASAIOJ, 2017, 63(1): 32-36.
35.	Lüsebrink E, Stremmel C, Stark K, et al. Update on weaning from veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(4): 992.
36.	Pineton de Chambrun M, Bréchot N, Lebreton G, et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock post-cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med, 2016, 42(12): 1999-2007.
37.	Kim SJ, Kim HJ, Lee HY, et al. Comparing extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation with conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A meta-analysis. Resuscitation, 2016, 103: 106-116.
38.	Kim SJ, Jung JS, Park JH, et al. An optimal transition time to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for predicting good neurological outcome in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A propensity-matched study. Crit Care, 2014, 18(5): 535.
39.	Radsel P, Goslar T, Bunc M, et al. Emergency veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO)-supported percutaneous interventions in refractory cardiac arrest and profound cardiogenic shock. Resuscitation, 2021, 160: 150-157.
40.	Banjac I, Petrovic M, Akay MH, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a procedural rescue strategy for transcatheter aortic valve replacement cardiac complications. ASAIO J, 2016, 62(1): e1-e4.
41.	Huang CC, Hsu JC, Wu YW, et al. Implementation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before primary percutaneous coronary intervention may improve the survival of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and refractory cardiogenic shock. Int J Cardiol, 2018, 269: 45-50.
42.	Xiong TY, Redwood S, Prendergast B, et al. Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: Acute and long-term implications. Eur Heart J. 2020, 41(19): 1798-1800.
43.	Chow J, Alhussaini A, Calvillo-Argüelles O, et al. Cardiovascular collapse in COVID-19 infection: The role of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). CJC Open. 2020, 2(4): 273-277.
44.	Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 2020, 395(10229): 1054-1062.
45.	Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: Retrospective study. BMJ, 2020, 368: m1091.
46.	Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 2020, 323(11): 1061-1069.
47.	Barbaro RP, MacLaren G, Boonstra PS, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in COVID-19: An international cohort study of the extracorporeal life support organization registry. Lancet, 2020, 396 (10257): 1071-1078.
48.	Bemtgen X, Krüger K, Supady A, et al. First successful treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 induced refractory cardiogenic plus vasoplegic shock by combination of percutaneous ventricular assist device and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A case report. ASAIO J, 2020, 66(6): 607-609.
49.	McLean DJ, Henry M. Con: Venoarterial ECMO should not be considered in patients with COVID-19. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2021, 35(3): 707-710.
50.	Shekar K, Badulak J, Peek G, et al. Extracorporeal life support organization coronavirus disease 2019 interim guidelines: A consensus document from an international group of interdisciplinary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation providers. ASAIO J, 2020, 66(7): 707-721.
51.	Napp LC, Martens A. ECPR in acute aortic dissection—Really a no-go? Am J Emerg Med, 2019, 37(8): 1590-1591.
52.	Ukita R, Wu K, Lin X, et al. Zwitterionic poly-carboxybetaine coating reduces artificial lung thrombosis in sheep and rabbits. Acta Biomater, 2019, 92: 71-81.
53.	Merritt-Genore H, Lyden E, Ryan T, et al. The effect of patient obesity on extracorporeal membrane oxygenator outcomes and ventilator dependency. J Card Surg, 2020, 35(6): 1283-1286.

1. Combes A, Price S, Slutsky AS, et al. Temporary circulatory support for cardiogenic shock. Lancet, 2020, 396(10245): 199-212.
2. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J, 2016, 37(27): 2129-2200.
3. Reyentovich A, Barghash MH, Hochman JS. Management of refractory cardiogenic shock. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2016, 13(8): 481-492.
4. Guglin M, Zucker MJ, Bazan VM, et al. Venoarterial ECMO for adults: JACC Scientific Expert Panel. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 73(6): 698-716.
5. Thiele H, Ohman EM, de Waha-Thiele S, et al. Management of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction: An update 2019. Eur Heart J, 2019, 40(32): 2671-2683.
6. Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, et al. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (IABP-SHOCK Ⅱ): Final 12 month results of a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet, 2013, 382(9905): 1638-1645.
7. Vallabhajosyula S, Prasad A, Bell MR, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use in acute myocardial infarction in the United States, 2000 to 2014. Circ Heart Fail, 2019, 12(12): e005929.
8. Zavalichi MA, Nistor I, Nedelcu AE, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial Infarction: A systematic review. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 2020: 6126534.
9. McGugan PL. The role of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am, 2019, 31(3): 419-436.
10. Khorsandi M, Dougherty S, Bouamra O, et al. Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock after adult cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 12(1): 55.
11. Charlesworth M, Garcia M, Head L, et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock—A six-year service evaluation. Artif Organs, 2020, 44(7): 709-716.
12. Sharma AN, Stultz JR, Bellamkonda N, et al. Fulminant myocarditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Am J Cardiol, 2019, 124(12): 1954-1960.
13. Pozzi M, Banfi C, Grinberg D, et al. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock due to myocarditis in adult patients. J Thorac Dis, 2016, 8(7): E495-502.
14. Poptsov V, Spirina E, Dogonasheva A, et al. Five years' experience with a peripheral veno-arterial ECMO for mechanical bridge to heart transplantation. J Thorac Dis, 2019, 11(Suppl 6): S889-S901.
15. Connolly S, Granger E, Hayward C, et al. Long-term outcome in severe left ventricular primary graft dysfunction post cardiac transplantation supported by early use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Transplantation, 2020, 104(10): 2189-2195.
16. Kasper W, Konstantinides S, Geibel A, et al. Management strategies and determinants of outcome in acute major pulmonary embolism: results of a multicenter registry. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1997, 30(5): 1165-1171.
17. Corsi F, Lebreton G, Bréchot N, et al. Life-threatening massive pulmonary embolism rescued by venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care, 2017, 21(1): 76.
18. Guliani S, Das Gupta J, Osofsky R, et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is an effective management strategy for massive pulmonary embolism patients. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2021, 9(2): 307-314.
19. Djordjevic I, Rahmanian P, Zeriouh M, et al. Treatment of cardiogenic shock in peripartum cardiomyopathy: Case series from a tertiary ECMO center. J Card Surg, 2020, 35(1): 254-257.
20. Tariq S, Gass A. Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in refractory cardiogenic shock. Cardiol Rev, 2016, 24(1): 26-29.
21. Keebler ME, Haddad EV, Choi CW, et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in cardiogenic shock. JACC Heart Fail, 2018, 6(6): 503-516.
22. Keller SP. Management of peripheral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Med, 2019, 47(9): 1235-1242.
23. Lamb KM, DiMuzio PJ, Johnson A, et al. Arterial protocol including prophylactic distal perfusion catheter decreases limb ischemia complications in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Vasc Surg, 2017, 65(4): 1074-1079.
24. Eckman PM, Katz JN, El Banayosy A, et al. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock: An introduction for the busy clinician. Circulation, 2019, 140(24): 2019-2037.
25. Sznycer-Taub NR, Lowery R, Yu S, et al. Hyperoxia is associated with poor outcomes in pediatric cardiac patients supported on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2016, 17(4): 350-358.
26. Vallabhajosyula S, O'Horo JC, Antharam P, et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with concomitant impella versus venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock. ASAIO J, 2020, 66(5): 497-503.
27. Aiyagari RM, Rocchini AP, Remenapp RT, et al. Decompression of the left atrium during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using a transseptal cannula incorporated into the circuit. Crit Care Med, 2006, 34(10): 2603-2606.
28. Russo JJ, Aleksova N, Pitcher I, et al. Left ventricular unloading during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with cardiogenic shock. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 73(6): 654-662.
29. Alkhouli M, Narins CR, Lehoux J, et al. Percutaneous decompression of the left ventricle in cardiogenic shock patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Card Surg, 2016, 31(3): 177-182.
30. Wang L, Xing Z. Short-term outcomes of intra-aortic balloon pump combined with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Artif Organs, 2019, 43(6): 561-568.
31. Aso S, Matsui H, Fushimi K, et al. The effect of intraaortic balloon pumping under venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on mortality of cardiogenic patients: An analysis using a nationwide inpatient database. Crit Care Med, 2016, 44(11): 1974-1979.
32. Rougé A, Pelen F, Durand M, et al. Argatroban for an alternative anticoagulant in hit during ECMO. J Intensive Care, 2017, 5: 39.
33. Sanfilippo F, Asmussen S, Maybauer DM, et al. Bivalirudin for alternative anticoagulation in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review. J Intensive Care Med, 2017, 32(5): 312-319.
34. Chung YS, Cho DY, Sohn DS, et al. Is stopping heparin safe in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment? ASAIOJ, 2017, 63(1): 32-36.
35. Lüsebrink E, Stremmel C, Stark K, et al. Update on weaning from veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(4): 992.
36. Pineton de Chambrun M, Bréchot N, Lebreton G, et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock post-cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med, 2016, 42(12): 1999-2007.
37. Kim SJ, Kim HJ, Lee HY, et al. Comparing extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation with conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A meta-analysis. Resuscitation, 2016, 103: 106-116.
38. Kim SJ, Jung JS, Park JH, et al. An optimal transition time to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for predicting good neurological outcome in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A propensity-matched study. Crit Care, 2014, 18(5): 535.
39. Radsel P, Goslar T, Bunc M, et al. Emergency veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO)-supported percutaneous interventions in refractory cardiac arrest and profound cardiogenic shock. Resuscitation, 2021, 160: 150-157.
40. Banjac I, Petrovic M, Akay MH, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a procedural rescue strategy for transcatheter aortic valve replacement cardiac complications. ASAIO J, 2016, 62(1): e1-e4.
41. Huang CC, Hsu JC, Wu YW, et al. Implementation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before primary percutaneous coronary intervention may improve the survival of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and refractory cardiogenic shock. Int J Cardiol, 2018, 269: 45-50.
42. Xiong TY, Redwood S, Prendergast B, et al. Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: Acute and long-term implications. Eur Heart J. 2020, 41(19): 1798-1800.
43. Chow J, Alhussaini A, Calvillo-Argüelles O, et al. Cardiovascular collapse in COVID-19 infection: The role of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). CJC Open. 2020, 2(4): 273-277.
44. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 2020, 395(10229): 1054-1062.
45. Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: Retrospective study. BMJ, 2020, 368: m1091.
46. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 2020, 323(11): 1061-1069.
47. Barbaro RP, MacLaren G, Boonstra PS, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in COVID-19: An international cohort study of the extracorporeal life support organization registry. Lancet, 2020, 396 (10257): 1071-1078.
48. Bemtgen X, Krüger K, Supady A, et al. First successful treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 induced refractory cardiogenic plus vasoplegic shock by combination of percutaneous ventricular assist device and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A case report. ASAIO J, 2020, 66(6): 607-609.
49. McLean DJ, Henry M. Con: Venoarterial ECMO should not be considered in patients with COVID-19. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2021, 35(3): 707-710.
50. Shekar K, Badulak J, Peek G, et al. Extracorporeal life support organization coronavirus disease 2019 interim guidelines: A consensus document from an international group of interdisciplinary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation providers. ASAIO J, 2020, 66(7): 707-721.
51. Napp LC, Martens A. ECPR in acute aortic dissection—Really a no-go? Am J Emerg Med, 2019, 37(8): 1590-1591.
52. Ukita R, Wu K, Lin X, et al. Zwitterionic poly-carboxybetaine coating reduces artificial lung thrombosis in sheep and rabbits. Acta Biomater, 2019, 92: 71-81.
53. Merritt-Genore H, Lyden E, Ryan T, et al. The effect of patient obesity on extracorporeal membrane oxygenator outcomes and ventilator dependency. J Card Surg, 2020, 35(6): 1283-1286.

Previous Article
Localization of small pulmonary nodules with magnetic beads: An animal experiment
Next Article
Lipid metabolism in atrial fibrillation and its current research status

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in salvage of cardiogenic shock

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content