Thoracic surgery perspective of comprehensive treatment of esophageal cancer with esophagus preserved_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

SUO Ruiyang ^1,2 , WANG Zhiyu ² , TAO Runyi ² , FENG Jinteng ² , FAN Kun ¹ , WANG Hongyi ¹ , ZHAO Heng ¹ , LIU Bohao ² , LI Yixing ² , ZHANG Yanpeng ¹ , ZHANG Jia ¹ , ZHANG Guangjian ¹ ,  FU Junke ¹

1. Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China;
2. Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

FU Junke, Email: fujunk-6612@126.com

Keywords：

Early-stage esophageal cancer; reserved esophagus; surgery; endoscopic resection; review

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202103002

Video：

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Surgery is a classic traditional method for the treatment of early-stage esophageal cancer, and it is also recognized as an effective first-choice method in the medical community. With the development of endoscopic technology, esophagus-preserving comprehensive treatment of esophageal cancer has almost the same or even better effects in some aspects in the treatment of early esophageal cancer than surgery. Many clinical guidelines have also recommended it as the first-choice treatment for early esophageal cancer. The room for surgical treatment of esophageal cancer has been further compressed. This article discusses the comprehensive treatment model of esophageal cancer from the perspective of thoracic surgery, aiming to find a new position of thoracic surgery in the treatment of esophageal cancer.

Citation： SUO Ruiyang, WANG Zhiyu, TAO Runyi, FENG Jinteng, FAN Kun, WANG Hongyi, ZHAO Heng, LIU Bohao, LI Yixing, ZHANG Yanpeng, ZHANG Jia, ZHANG Guangjian, FU Junke. Thoracic surgery perspective of comprehensive treatment of esophageal cancer with esophagus preserved. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2022, 29(2): 245-250. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202103002 Copy

1.	Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018, 68(6): 394-424.
2.	Feng RM, Zong YN, Cao SM, et al. Current cancer situation in China: Good or bad news from the 2018 global cancer statistics? Cancer Commun (Lond), 2019, 39(1): 22.
3.	Allemani C, Matsuda T, Di Carlo V, et al. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): Analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. Lancet, 2018, 391(10125): 1023-1075.
4.	Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, Analysis Working Group: Asan University, BC Cancer Agency, et al. Integrated genomic characterization of oesophageal carcinoma. Nature, 2017, 541(7636): 169-175.
5.	Naveed M, Kubiliun N. Endoscopic treatment of early-stage esophageal cancer. Curr Oncol Rep, 2018, 20(9): 71.
6.	Wiedmann MW, Mössner J. New and emerging combination therapies for esophageal cancer. Cancer Manag Res, 2013, 5: 133-146.
7.	Doi T, Piha-Paul SA, Jalal SI, et al. Safety and antitumor activity of the anti-programmed death-1 antibody pembrolizumab in patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(1): 61-67.
8.	Bennett C, Vakil N, Bergman J, et al. Consensus statements for management of Barrett's dysplasia and early-stage esophageal adenocarcinoma, based on a Delphi process. Gastroenterology, 2012, 143(2): 336-346.
9.	Prasad GA, Wu TT, Wigle DA, et al. Endoscopic and surgical treatment of mucosal (T1a) esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology, 2009, 137(3): 815-823.
10.	Wani S, Early D, Edmundowicz S, et al. Management of high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 10(7): 704-711.
11.	Moraca RJ, Low DE. Outcomes and health-related quality of life after esophagectomy for high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal cancer. Arch Surg, 2006, 141(6): 545-549.
12.	Viklund P, Wengström Y, Rouvelas I, et al. Quality of life and persisting symptoms after oesophageal cancer surgery. Eur J Cancer, 2006, 42(10): 1407-1414.
13.	Martínek J, Akiyama JI, Vacková Z, et al. Current treatment options for esophageal diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016, 1381, (1): 139-151.
14.	Mannath J, Ragunath K. Role of endoscopy in early oesophageal cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 13(12): 720-730.
15.	Bustamante FA, Hourneaux DE Moura EG, et al. Surgery versus endoscopic therapies for early cancer and high-grade dysplasia in the esophagus: A systematic review. Arq Gastroenterol, 2016, 53(1): 10-19.
16.	Tsujii Y, Nishida T, Nishiyama O, et al. Clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal neoplasms: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. Endoscopy, 2015, 47(9): 775-783.
17.	Min YW. Endoscopic treatment for esophageal cancer. Korean J Gastroenterol, 2018, 71(3): 116-123.
18.	Uedo N, Takeuchi Y, Ishihara R. Endoscopic management of early gastric cancer: Endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection: Data from a Japanese high-volume center and literature review. Ann Gastroenterol, 2012, 25(4): 281-290.
19.	Tamura S, Nakajo K, Yokoyama Y, et al. Evaluation of endoscopic mucosal resection for laterally spreading rectal tumors. Endoscopy, 2004, 36(4): 306-312.
20.	Terheggen G, Horn EM, Vieth M, et al. A randomised trial of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus endoscopic mucosal resection for early Barrett's neoplasia. Gut, 2017, 66(5): 783-793.
21.	Friedland S, Triadafilopoulos G. Can endoscopic resection for Barrett's dysplasia and early cancer be curative? Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2018, 1434(1): 54-58.
22.	Tsuji K, Yoshida N, Nakanishi H, et al. Recent traction methods for endoscopic submucosal dissection. World J Gastroenterol, 2016, 22(26): 5917-5926.
23.	Pouw RE, van Vilsteren FG, Peters FP, et al. Randomized trial on endoscopic resection-cap versus multiband mucosectomy for piecemeal endoscopic resection of early Barrett's neoplasia. Gastrointest Endosc, 2011, 74(1): 35-43.
24.	Shaheen NJ, Sharma P, Overholt BF, et al. Radiofrequency ablation in Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia. N Engl J Med, 2009, 360(22): 2277-2288.
25.	Kim JA, Shah PM. Screening and prevention strategies and endoscopic management of early esophageal cancer. Chin Clin Oncol, 2017, 6(5): 50.
26.	国家卫生健康委员会. 食管癌诊疗规范(2018年版). 肿瘤综合治疗电子杂志, 2019, 5(2): 50-86.
27.	Boshier PR, Anderson O, Hanna GB. Transthoracic versus transhiatal esophagectomy for the treatment of esophagogastric cancer: A meta-analysis. Ann Surg, 2011, 254(6): 894-906.
28.	Raymond DP, Seder CW, Wright CD, et al. Predictors of major morbidity or mortality after resection for esophageal cancer: A society of thoracic surgeons general thoracic surgery database risk adjustment model. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 102(1): 207-214.
29.	Bergeron EJ, Lin J, Chang AC, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound is inadequate to determine which T1/T2 esophageal tumors are candidates for endoluminal therapies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2014, 147(2): 765-771.
30.	Steele D, Baig KKK, Peter S. Evolving screening and surveillance techniques for Barrett's esophagus. World J Gastroenterol, 2019, 25(17): 2045-2057.
31.	Zeki SS, Bergman JJ, Dunn JM. Endoscopic management of dysplasia and early oesophageal cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 2018, 36-37: 27-36.
32.	Naini BV, Souza RF, Odze RD. Barrett's esophagus: A comprehensive and contemporary review for pathologists. Am J Surg Pathol, 2016, 40(5): e45-e66.
33.	Tan WK, di Pietro M, Fitzgerald RC. Past, present and future of Barrett's oesophagus. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2017, 43(7): 1148-1160.
34.	Hamade N, Sharma P. Ablation Therapy for Barrett's esophagus: New rules for changing times. Curr Gastroenterol Rep, 2017, 19(10): 48.
35.	Fleischmann C, Messmann H. Endoscopic treatment of early esophageal squamous neoplasia. Minerva Chir, 2018, 73(4): 378-384.
36.	Schlottmann F, Patti MG, Shaheen NJ. Endoscopic treatment of high-grade dysplasia and early esophageal cancer. World J Surg, 2017, 41(7): 1705-1711.
37.	Tsou YK, Lee CH, Le PH, et al. Adjuvant therapy for pT1a-m3/pT1b esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after endoscopic resection: Esophagectomy or chemoradiotherapy? A critical review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2020, 147: 102883.
38.	Ma DW, Jung DH, Kim JH, et al. Predicting lymph node metastasis for endoscopic resection of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2019, 157(1): 397-402.
39.	Clermont M, Falk GW. Clinical guidelines update on the diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci, 2018, 63(8): 2122-2128.
40.	Desai M, Saligram S, Gupta N, et al. Efficacy and safety outcomes of multimodal endoscopic eradication therapy in Barrett's esophagus-related neoplasia: A systematic review and pooled analysis. Gastrointest Endosc, 2017, 85(3): 482-495.
41.	Krishnamoorthi R, Singh S, Ragunathan K, et al. Risk of recurrence of Barrett's esophagus after successful endoscopic therapy. Gastrointest Endosc, 2016, 83(6): 1090-1106.
42.	Sharma NR, Linke CS, Zelt C. Endoscopic mucosal resection of granular cell tumors in the esophagus: A study of four cases and brief literature review. J Gastrointest Cancer, 2018, 49(4): 532-537.
43.	Wu H, Minamide T, Yano T. Role of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Dig Endosc, 2019, 31(5): 508-516.
44.	ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Evans JA, Early DS, et al. The role of endoscopy in Barrett's esophagus and other premalignant conditions of the esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc, 2012, 76(6): 1087-1094.
45.	Lal P, Thota PN. Cryotherapy in the management of premalignant and malignant conditions of the esophagus. World J Gastroenterol, 2018, 24(43): 4862-4869.
46.	Haidry RJ, Dunn JM, Butt MA, et al. Radiofrequency ablation and endoscopic mucosal resection for dysplastic Barrett's esophagus and early esophageal adenocarcinoma: Outcomes of the UK National Halo RFA Registry. Gastroenterology, 2013, 145(1): 87-95.
47.	Abe S, Iyer PG, Oda I, et al. Approaches for stricture prevention after esophageal endoscopic resection. Gastrointest Endosc, 2017, 86(5): 779-791.
48.	Arantes V, Espinoza-Ríos J. Early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma management through endoscopic submucosal dissection. Rev Gastroenterol Mex (Engl Ed), 2018, 83(3): 259-267.
49.	Tsuji Y, Sakaguchi Y, Fujishiro M, et al. Preventive measures against stricture after esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection: Halfway through the journey to the best method. Dig Endosc, 2018, 30(5): 600-601.
50.	Shi KD, Ji F. Prophylactic stenting for esophageal stricture prevention after endoscopic submucosal dissection. World J Gastroenterol, 2017, 23(6): 931-934.
51.	Yamamoto Y, Kikuchi D, Nagami Y, et al. Management of adverse events related to endoscopic resection of upper gastrointestinal neoplasms: Review of the literature and recommendations from experts. Dig Endosc, 2019, 31 Suppl 1: 4-20.
52.	Al-Kaabi A, van der Post RS, Huising J, et al. Predicting lymph node metastases with endoscopic resection in cT2N0M0 oesophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. United European Gastroenterol J, 2020, 8(1): 35-43.
53.	Gotink AW, Spaander MCW, Doukas M, et al. Exploring diagnostic and therapeutic implications of endoscopic mucosal resection in EUS-staged T2 esophageal adenocarcinoma. Endoscopy, 2017, 49(10): 941-948.
54.	McCarty JC, Parker RK, Vidri RJ, et al. A retrospective cohort study of endoscopic therapy and esophagectomy for stage Ⅰ esophageal cancer: Less is more. Gastrointest Endosc, 2020, 92(1): 23-30.
55.	Minashi K, Nihei K, Mizusawa J, et al. Efficacy of endoscopic resection and selective chemoradiotherapy for stage Ⅰ esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 2019, 157(2): 382-390.
56.	Simić AP, Skrobić OM, Peško PM. A surgeon's role in the management of early esophageal, EGJ and Gastric Lesions. Dig Dis, 2019, 37(5): 355-363.

1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018, 68(6): 394-424.
2. Feng RM, Zong YN, Cao SM, et al. Current cancer situation in China: Good or bad news from the 2018 global cancer statistics? Cancer Commun (Lond), 2019, 39(1): 22.
3. Allemani C, Matsuda T, Di Carlo V, et al. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): Analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. Lancet, 2018, 391(10125): 1023-1075.
4. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, Analysis Working Group: Asan University, BC Cancer Agency, et al. Integrated genomic characterization of oesophageal carcinoma. Nature, 2017, 541(7636): 169-175.
5. Naveed M, Kubiliun N. Endoscopic treatment of early-stage esophageal cancer. Curr Oncol Rep, 2018, 20(9): 71.
6. Wiedmann MW, Mössner J. New and emerging combination therapies for esophageal cancer. Cancer Manag Res, 2013, 5: 133-146.
7. Doi T, Piha-Paul SA, Jalal SI, et al. Safety and antitumor activity of the anti-programmed death-1 antibody pembrolizumab in patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(1): 61-67.
8. Bennett C, Vakil N, Bergman J, et al. Consensus statements for management of Barrett's dysplasia and early-stage esophageal adenocarcinoma, based on a Delphi process. Gastroenterology, 2012, 143(2): 336-346.
9. Prasad GA, Wu TT, Wigle DA, et al. Endoscopic and surgical treatment of mucosal (T1a) esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology, 2009, 137(3): 815-823.
10. Wani S, Early D, Edmundowicz S, et al. Management of high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 10(7): 704-711.
11. Moraca RJ, Low DE. Outcomes and health-related quality of life after esophagectomy for high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal cancer. Arch Surg, 2006, 141(6): 545-549.
12. Viklund P, Wengström Y, Rouvelas I, et al. Quality of life and persisting symptoms after oesophageal cancer surgery. Eur J Cancer, 2006, 42(10): 1407-1414.
13. Martínek J, Akiyama JI, Vacková Z, et al. Current treatment options for esophageal diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016, 1381, (1): 139-151.
14. Mannath J, Ragunath K. Role of endoscopy in early oesophageal cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 13(12): 720-730.
15. Bustamante FA, Hourneaux DE Moura EG, et al. Surgery versus endoscopic therapies for early cancer and high-grade dysplasia in the esophagus: A systematic review. Arq Gastroenterol, 2016, 53(1): 10-19.
16. Tsujii Y, Nishida T, Nishiyama O, et al. Clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal neoplasms: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. Endoscopy, 2015, 47(9): 775-783.
17. Min YW. Endoscopic treatment for esophageal cancer. Korean J Gastroenterol, 2018, 71(3): 116-123.
18. Uedo N, Takeuchi Y, Ishihara R. Endoscopic management of early gastric cancer: Endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection: Data from a Japanese high-volume center and literature review. Ann Gastroenterol, 2012, 25(4): 281-290.
19. Tamura S, Nakajo K, Yokoyama Y, et al. Evaluation of endoscopic mucosal resection for laterally spreading rectal tumors. Endoscopy, 2004, 36(4): 306-312.
20. Terheggen G, Horn EM, Vieth M, et al. A randomised trial of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus endoscopic mucosal resection for early Barrett's neoplasia. Gut, 2017, 66(5): 783-793.
21. Friedland S, Triadafilopoulos G. Can endoscopic resection for Barrett's dysplasia and early cancer be curative? Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2018, 1434(1): 54-58.
22. Tsuji K, Yoshida N, Nakanishi H, et al. Recent traction methods for endoscopic submucosal dissection. World J Gastroenterol, 2016, 22(26): 5917-5926.
23. Pouw RE, van Vilsteren FG, Peters FP, et al. Randomized trial on endoscopic resection-cap versus multiband mucosectomy for piecemeal endoscopic resection of early Barrett's neoplasia. Gastrointest Endosc, 2011, 74(1): 35-43.
24. Shaheen NJ, Sharma P, Overholt BF, et al. Radiofrequency ablation in Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia. N Engl J Med, 2009, 360(22): 2277-2288.
25. Kim JA, Shah PM. Screening and prevention strategies and endoscopic management of early esophageal cancer. Chin Clin Oncol, 2017, 6(5): 50.
26. 国家卫生健康委员会. 食管癌诊疗规范(2018年版). 肿瘤综合治疗电子杂志, 2019, 5(2): 50-86.
27. Boshier PR, Anderson O, Hanna GB. Transthoracic versus transhiatal esophagectomy for the treatment of esophagogastric cancer: A meta-analysis. Ann Surg, 2011, 254(6): 894-906.
28. Raymond DP, Seder CW, Wright CD, et al. Predictors of major morbidity or mortality after resection for esophageal cancer: A society of thoracic surgeons general thoracic surgery database risk adjustment model. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 102(1): 207-214.
29. Bergeron EJ, Lin J, Chang AC, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound is inadequate to determine which T1/T2 esophageal tumors are candidates for endoluminal therapies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2014, 147(2): 765-771.
30. Steele D, Baig KKK, Peter S. Evolving screening and surveillance techniques for Barrett's esophagus. World J Gastroenterol, 2019, 25(17): 2045-2057.
31. Zeki SS, Bergman JJ, Dunn JM. Endoscopic management of dysplasia and early oesophageal cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 2018, 36-37: 27-36.
32. Naini BV, Souza RF, Odze RD. Barrett's esophagus: A comprehensive and contemporary review for pathologists. Am J Surg Pathol, 2016, 40(5): e45-e66.
33. Tan WK, di Pietro M, Fitzgerald RC. Past, present and future of Barrett's oesophagus. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2017, 43(7): 1148-1160.
34. Hamade N, Sharma P. Ablation Therapy for Barrett's esophagus: New rules for changing times. Curr Gastroenterol Rep, 2017, 19(10): 48.
35. Fleischmann C, Messmann H. Endoscopic treatment of early esophageal squamous neoplasia. Minerva Chir, 2018, 73(4): 378-384.
36. Schlottmann F, Patti MG, Shaheen NJ. Endoscopic treatment of high-grade dysplasia and early esophageal cancer. World J Surg, 2017, 41(7): 1705-1711.
37. Tsou YK, Lee CH, Le PH, et al. Adjuvant therapy for pT1a-m3/pT1b esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after endoscopic resection: Esophagectomy or chemoradiotherapy? A critical review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2020, 147: 102883.
38. Ma DW, Jung DH, Kim JH, et al. Predicting lymph node metastasis for endoscopic resection of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2019, 157(1): 397-402.
39. Clermont M, Falk GW. Clinical guidelines update on the diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci, 2018, 63(8): 2122-2128.
40. Desai M, Saligram S, Gupta N, et al. Efficacy and safety outcomes of multimodal endoscopic eradication therapy in Barrett's esophagus-related neoplasia: A systematic review and pooled analysis. Gastrointest Endosc, 2017, 85(3): 482-495.
41. Krishnamoorthi R, Singh S, Ragunathan K, et al. Risk of recurrence of Barrett's esophagus after successful endoscopic therapy. Gastrointest Endosc, 2016, 83(6): 1090-1106.
42. Sharma NR, Linke CS, Zelt C. Endoscopic mucosal resection of granular cell tumors in the esophagus: A study of four cases and brief literature review. J Gastrointest Cancer, 2018, 49(4): 532-537.
43. Wu H, Minamide T, Yano T. Role of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Dig Endosc, 2019, 31(5): 508-516.
44. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Evans JA, Early DS, et al. The role of endoscopy in Barrett's esophagus and other premalignant conditions of the esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc, 2012, 76(6): 1087-1094.
45. Lal P, Thota PN. Cryotherapy in the management of premalignant and malignant conditions of the esophagus. World J Gastroenterol, 2018, 24(43): 4862-4869.
46. Haidry RJ, Dunn JM, Butt MA, et al. Radiofrequency ablation and endoscopic mucosal resection for dysplastic Barrett's esophagus and early esophageal adenocarcinoma: Outcomes of the UK National Halo RFA Registry. Gastroenterology, 2013, 145(1): 87-95.
47. Abe S, Iyer PG, Oda I, et al. Approaches for stricture prevention after esophageal endoscopic resection. Gastrointest Endosc, 2017, 86(5): 779-791.
48. Arantes V, Espinoza-Ríos J. Early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma management through endoscopic submucosal dissection. Rev Gastroenterol Mex (Engl Ed), 2018, 83(3): 259-267.
49. Tsuji Y, Sakaguchi Y, Fujishiro M, et al. Preventive measures against stricture after esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection: Halfway through the journey to the best method. Dig Endosc, 2018, 30(5): 600-601.
50. Shi KD, Ji F. Prophylactic stenting for esophageal stricture prevention after endoscopic submucosal dissection. World J Gastroenterol, 2017, 23(6): 931-934.
51. Yamamoto Y, Kikuchi D, Nagami Y, et al. Management of adverse events related to endoscopic resection of upper gastrointestinal neoplasms: Review of the literature and recommendations from experts. Dig Endosc, 2019, 31 Suppl 1: 4-20.
52. Al-Kaabi A, van der Post RS, Huising J, et al. Predicting lymph node metastases with endoscopic resection in cT2N0M0 oesophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. United European Gastroenterol J, 2020, 8(1): 35-43.
53. Gotink AW, Spaander MCW, Doukas M, et al. Exploring diagnostic and therapeutic implications of endoscopic mucosal resection in EUS-staged T2 esophageal adenocarcinoma. Endoscopy, 2017, 49(10): 941-948.
54. McCarty JC, Parker RK, Vidri RJ, et al. A retrospective cohort study of endoscopic therapy and esophagectomy for stage Ⅰ esophageal cancer: Less is more. Gastrointest Endosc, 2020, 92(1): 23-30.
55. Minashi K, Nihei K, Mizusawa J, et al. Efficacy of endoscopic resection and selective chemoradiotherapy for stage Ⅰ esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 2019, 157(2): 382-390.
56. Simić AP, Skrobić OM, Peško PM. A surgeon's role in the management of early esophageal, EGJ and Gastric Lesions. Dig Dis, 2019, 37(5): 355-363.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Thoracic surgery perspective of comprehensive treatment of esophageal cancer with esophagus preserved

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

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