Lung cancer is a complex disease with its own challenges, and is considered to be one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has exacerbated these challenges. The aim of this review is to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the screening, diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. We hope to provide some experience and help for the whole process management of lung cancer patients.
Citation： MENG Yuqi, LI Bin. The impact of COVID-19 on the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2023, 30(4): 635-640. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202301006 Copy
| 1. | Liang W, Guan W, Chen R, et al. Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A nationwide analysis in China. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(3): 335-337. |
| 2. | Xiong B, Liu T, Luo P, et al. Prominent hypercoagulability associated with inflammatory state among cancer patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Oncol, 2020, 10: 1345. |
| 3. | Lee KA, Ma W, Sikavi DR, et al. Cancer and risk of COVID-19 through a general community survey. Oncologist, 2021, 26: e182-e185. |
| 4. | 符艳, 颜李丽, 王春雨, 等. 2010—2016年琼海市恶性肿瘤流行情况分析. 实用肿瘤学杂志, 2021, 35(5): 396-401. |
| 5. | Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 2020, 395: 497-506. |
| 6. | Wang Q, Berger NA, Xu R. Analyses of risk, racial disparity, and outcomes among US patients with cancer and COVID-19 infection. JAMA Oncol, 2021, 7(2): 220-227. |
| 7. | Yang B, Choi H, Lee SK, et al. Risk of coronavirus disease 2019 occurrence, severe presentation, and mortality in patients with lung cancer. Cancer Res Treat, 2021, 53(3): 678-684. |
| 8. | Wang W, Kaelber DC, Xu R, et al. Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospitalizations, and mortality in vaccinated patients with cancer in the US between December 2020 and November 2021. JAMA Oncol, 2022, 8(7): 1027-1034. |
| 9. | Dai MY, Chen Z, Leng Y, et al. Patients with lung cancer have high susceptibility of COVID-19: A retrospective study in Wuhan, China. Cancer Control, 2020, 27(1): 1073274820960467. |
| 10. | Jee J, Foote MB, Lumish M, et al. Chemotherapy and COVID-19 outcomes in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(30): 3538-3546. |
| 11. | Lièvre A, Turpin A, Ray-Coquard I, et al. Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and mortality among solid cancer patients and impact of the disease on anticancer treatment: A French nationwide cohort study (GCO-002 CACOVID-19). Eur J Cancer, 2020, 141: 62-81. |
| 12. | Kim Y, Zhu L, Zhu H, et al. Characterizing cancer and COVID-19 outcomes using electronic health records. PLoS One, 2022, 17(5): e0267584. |
| 13. | Yarza R, Bover M, Paredes D, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients undergoing active treatment: Analysis of clinical features and predictive factors for severe respiratory failure and death. Eur J Cancer, 2020, 135: 242-250. |
| 14. | Preda A, Ciuleanu T, Kubelac P, et al. Outcomes of patients with cancer infected with SARS-CoV-2: Results from the Ion Chiricuţă Oncology Institute series. ESMO Open, 2022, 7(2): 100423. |
| 15. | Beltramo G, Cottenet J, Mariet AS, et al. Chronic respiratory diseases are predictors of severe outcome in COVID-19 hospitalised patients: A nationwide study. Eur Respir J, 2021, 58(6): 2004474. |
| 16. | Bernheim A, Mei X, Huang M, et al. Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): Relationship to duration of infection. Radiology, 2020, 295(3): 200463. |
| 17. | Zhou F, Tao M, Shang L, et al. Assessment of sequelae of COVID-19 nearly 1 year after diagnosis. Front Med (Lausanne), 2021, 8: 717194. |
| 18. | Dinmohamed AG, Visser O, Verhoeven RHA, et al. Fewer cancer diagnoses during the COVID-19 epidemic in the Netherlands. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(6): 750-751. |
| 19. | Maringe C, Spicer J, Morris M, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer deaths due to delays in diagnosis in England, UK: A national, population-based, modelling study. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(8): 1023-1034. |
| 20. | Sud A, Torr B, Jones ME, et al. Effect of delays in the 2-week-wait cancer referral pathway during the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer survival in the UK: A modelling study. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(8): 1035-1044. |
| 21. | Reyes R, López-Castro R, Auclin E, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol, 2021, 16(3): S141. |
| 22. | Park JY, Lee YJ, Kim T, et al. Collateral effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on lung cancer diagnosis in Korea. BMC Cancer, 2020, 20(1): 1040. |
| 23. | Bakhribah H, Zeitouni M, Daghistani RA, et al. Implications of COVID-19 pandemic on lung cancer management: A multidisciplinary perspective. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2020, 156: 103120. |
| 24. | Gourd E. Lung cancer control in the UK hit badly by COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(12): 1559. |
| 25. | Chen YM, Perng RP, Chu H, et al. Impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on the status of lung cancer chemotherapy patients and a correlation of the signs and symptoms. Lung Cancer, 2004, 45(1): 39-43. |
| 26. | Emanuel EJ, Persad G, Upshur R, et al. Fair allocation of scarce medical resources in the time of COVID-19. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(21): 2049-2055. |
| 27. | Van Haren RM, Delman AM, Turner KM, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lung cancer screening program and subsequent lung cancer. J Am Coll Surg, 2021, 232(4): 600-605. |
| 28. | Cafarotti S, Patella M. Lung cancer surgical management during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019. J Thorac Oncol, 2020, 15(6): e81. |
| 29. | Samson P, Patel A, Garrett T, et al. Effects of delayed surgical resection on short-term and long-term outcomes in clinical stageⅠnon-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 99(6): 1906-1912. |
| 30. | Dingemans AC, Soo RA, Jazieh AR, et al. Treatment guidance for patients with lung cancer during the coronavirus 2019 pandemic. J Thorac Oncol, 2020, 15(7): 1119-1136. |
| 31. | Cao L, Linden PA, Biswas T, et al. Modeling the COVID pandemic: Do delays in surgery justify using stereotactic radiation to treat low-risk early stage non-small cell lung cancer? J Surg Res, 2023, 283: 532-539. |
| 32. | Thoracic Surgery Outcomes Research Network Inc, Antonoff M, Backhus L, et al. COVID-19 guidance for triage of operations for thoracic malignancies: A consensus statement from Thoracic Surgery Outcomes Research Network. Ann Thorac Surg, 2020, 110(2): 692-696. |
| 33. | American Society of Surgeons. 2020 COVID-19 guidelines for triage of thoracic patients. URL: https://www.facs.org/covid-19/clinical-guidance/elective-case/thoracic-cancer. |
| 34. | Peng S, Huang L, Zhao B, et al. Clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 in 11 patients after thoracic surgery and challenges in diagnosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 160(2): 585-592. |
| 35. | Scarci M, Raveglia F. Commentary: The double responsibility of the thoracic surgeon at the time of the pandemic: A perspective from the North of Italy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 160(2): 595-596. |
| 36. | Muñoz-Largacha JA, Wei B. Commentary: Lung surgery in the time of COVID-19. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 160(2): e97-e98. |
| 37. | Nefedov A, Mortada M, Novitskaya T, et al. Lobectomy with pathological examination in lung cancer patients who recovered from COVID-19. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2021, 69(8): 1258-1260. |
| 38. | Komatsu H, Izumi N, Tsukioka T, et al. Lung cancer surgery after COVID-19 infection in a patient with severe interstitial pneumonia and restrictive ventilatory impairment. Surg Case Rep, 2022, 8(1): 173. |
| 39. | Nakagomi T, Goto T, Hirotsu Y, et al. Lung cancer surgery with persistent COVID-19 infection. Ann Thorac Surg, 2022, 114(2): e79-e81. |
| 40. | Elkrief A, Wu JT, Jani C, et al. Learning through a pandemic: The current state of knowledge on COVID-19 and cancer. Cancer Discov, 2022, 12(2): 303-330. |
| 41. | Griffiths EA, Alwan LM, Bachiashvili K, et al. Considerations for use of hematopoietic growth factors in patients with cancer related to the COVID-19 pandemic. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2020: 1-4. |
| 42. | American Society of Clinical Oncology. Cancer treatment & supportive care (2020). URL: https://www.asco.org/asco-coronavirus-resources/care-individuals-cancer-during-covid-19/cancer-treatment-supportive-care. |
| 43. | European Society for Medical Oncology. Supportive care strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020). URL: https://www.esmo.org/guidelines/cancer-patient-management-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/supportivecare-in-the-covid-19-era. |
| 44. | Nawar T, Morjaria S, Kaltsas A, et al. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in COVID-19: Is it stimulating more than just the bone marrow? Am J Hematol, 2020, 95(8): E210-E213. |
| 45. | Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet, 2020, 395(10229): 1033-1034. |
| 46. | Soria JC, Ohe Y, Vansteenkiste J, et al. Osimertinib in untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(2): 113-125. |
| 47. | Curigliano G, Banerjee S, Cervantes A, et al. Managing cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: An ESMO multidisciplinary expert consensus. Ann Oncol, 2020, 31(10): 1320-1335. |
| 48. | Bilek O, Holanek M, Jurica J, et al. Drug interaction profile of TKI alectinib allows effective and safe treatment of ALK+ lung cancer in the kidney transplant recipient. Int Immunopharmacol, 2021, 99: 108012. |
| 49. | Cadranel J, Canellas A, Matton L, et al. Pulmonary complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Eur Respir Rev, 2019, 28(153): 190058. |
| 50. | Thevarajan I, Nguyen THO, Koutsakos M, et al. Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: A case report of non-severe COVID-19. Nat Med, 2020, 26(4): 453-455. |
| 51. | Zheng M, Gao Y, Wang G, et al. Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol, 2020, 17(5): 533-535. |
| 52. | Luo J, Rizvi H, Egger JV, et al. Impact of PD-1 blockade on severity of COVID-19 in patients with lung cancers. Cancer Discov, 2020, 10(8): 1121-1128. |
| 53. | Mandala M, Lorigan P, De Luca M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection and adverse events in patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: An observational prospective study. J Immunother Cancer, 2021: 9. |
| 54. | Passaro A, Addeo A, Von Garnier C, et al. ESMO management and treatment adapted recommendations in the COVID-19 era: Lung cancer. ESMO Open, 2020, 5(Suppl 3): e000820. |
| 55. | Hijmering-Kappelle LBM, Hiltermann TJN, Bensch F. Safety and efficacy of extended interval dosing for immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Lung Cancer, 2022, 23(2): 143-150. |
| 56. | Käsmann L, Taugner J, Nieto A, et al. Radiation-induced lung injury: Prevention, diagnostics and therapy in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Med, 2022, 11(19): 5713. |
| 57. | Shaverdian N, Shepherd AF, Rimner A, et al. Need for caution in the diagnosis of radiation pneumonitis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adv Radiat Oncol, 2020, 5(4): 617-620. |
| 58. | Zeng Q, Tang C, Deng L, et al. Differential diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia in cancer patients received radiotherapy. Int J Med Sci, 2020, 17(16): 2561-2569. |
| 59. | Banfill K, Croxford W, Fornacon-Wood I, et al. Changes in the management of patients having radical radiotherapy for lung cancer during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2022, 34(1): 19-27. |
| 60. | Guckenberger M, Belka C, Bezjak A, et al. Practice recommendations for lung cancer radiotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic: An ESTRO-ASTRO consensus statement. Radiother Oncol, 2020, 146: 223-229. |
| 61. | Faivre-Finn C, Fenwick JD, Franks KN, et al. Reduced fractionation in lung cancer patients treated with curative-intent radiotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2020, 32(8): 481-489. |
- 1. Liang W, Guan W, Chen R, et al. Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A nationwide analysis in China. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(3): 335-337.
- 2. Xiong B, Liu T, Luo P, et al. Prominent hypercoagulability associated with inflammatory state among cancer patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Oncol, 2020, 10: 1345.
- 3. Lee KA, Ma W, Sikavi DR, et al. Cancer and risk of COVID-19 through a general community survey. Oncologist, 2021, 26: e182-e185.
- 4. 符艳, 颜李丽, 王春雨, 等. 2010—2016年琼海市恶性肿瘤流行情况分析. 实用肿瘤学杂志, 2021, 35(5): 396-401.
- 5. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 2020, 395: 497-506.
- 6. Wang Q, Berger NA, Xu R. Analyses of risk, racial disparity, and outcomes among US patients with cancer and COVID-19 infection. JAMA Oncol, 2021, 7(2): 220-227.
- 7. Yang B, Choi H, Lee SK, et al. Risk of coronavirus disease 2019 occurrence, severe presentation, and mortality in patients with lung cancer. Cancer Res Treat, 2021, 53(3): 678-684.
- 8. Wang W, Kaelber DC, Xu R, et al. Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospitalizations, and mortality in vaccinated patients with cancer in the US between December 2020 and November 2021. JAMA Oncol, 2022, 8(7): 1027-1034.
- 9. Dai MY, Chen Z, Leng Y, et al. Patients with lung cancer have high susceptibility of COVID-19: A retrospective study in Wuhan, China. Cancer Control, 2020, 27(1): 1073274820960467.
- 10. Jee J, Foote MB, Lumish M, et al. Chemotherapy and COVID-19 outcomes in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(30): 3538-3546.
- 11. Lièvre A, Turpin A, Ray-Coquard I, et al. Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and mortality among solid cancer patients and impact of the disease on anticancer treatment: A French nationwide cohort study (GCO-002 CACOVID-19). Eur J Cancer, 2020, 141: 62-81.
- 12. Kim Y, Zhu L, Zhu H, et al. Characterizing cancer and COVID-19 outcomes using electronic health records. PLoS One, 2022, 17(5): e0267584.
- 13. Yarza R, Bover M, Paredes D, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients undergoing active treatment: Analysis of clinical features and predictive factors for severe respiratory failure and death. Eur J Cancer, 2020, 135: 242-250.
- 14. Preda A, Ciuleanu T, Kubelac P, et al. Outcomes of patients with cancer infected with SARS-CoV-2: Results from the Ion Chiricuţă Oncology Institute series. ESMO Open, 2022, 7(2): 100423.
- 15. Beltramo G, Cottenet J, Mariet AS, et al. Chronic respiratory diseases are predictors of severe outcome in COVID-19 hospitalised patients: A nationwide study. Eur Respir J, 2021, 58(6): 2004474.
- 16. Bernheim A, Mei X, Huang M, et al. Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): Relationship to duration of infection. Radiology, 2020, 295(3): 200463.
- 17. Zhou F, Tao M, Shang L, et al. Assessment of sequelae of COVID-19 nearly 1 year after diagnosis. Front Med (Lausanne), 2021, 8: 717194.
- 18. Dinmohamed AG, Visser O, Verhoeven RHA, et al. Fewer cancer diagnoses during the COVID-19 epidemic in the Netherlands. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(6): 750-751.
- 19. Maringe C, Spicer J, Morris M, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer deaths due to delays in diagnosis in England, UK: A national, population-based, modelling study. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(8): 1023-1034.
- 20. Sud A, Torr B, Jones ME, et al. Effect of delays in the 2-week-wait cancer referral pathway during the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer survival in the UK: A modelling study. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(8): 1035-1044.
- 21. Reyes R, López-Castro R, Auclin E, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol, 2021, 16(3): S141.
- 22. Park JY, Lee YJ, Kim T, et al. Collateral effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on lung cancer diagnosis in Korea. BMC Cancer, 2020, 20(1): 1040.
- 23. Bakhribah H, Zeitouni M, Daghistani RA, et al. Implications of COVID-19 pandemic on lung cancer management: A multidisciplinary perspective. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2020, 156: 103120.
- 24. Gourd E. Lung cancer control in the UK hit badly by COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(12): 1559.
- 25. Chen YM, Perng RP, Chu H, et al. Impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on the status of lung cancer chemotherapy patients and a correlation of the signs and symptoms. Lung Cancer, 2004, 45(1): 39-43.
- 26. Emanuel EJ, Persad G, Upshur R, et al. Fair allocation of scarce medical resources in the time of COVID-19. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(21): 2049-2055.
- 27. Van Haren RM, Delman AM, Turner KM, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lung cancer screening program and subsequent lung cancer. J Am Coll Surg, 2021, 232(4): 600-605.
- 28. Cafarotti S, Patella M. Lung cancer surgical management during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019. J Thorac Oncol, 2020, 15(6): e81.
- 29. Samson P, Patel A, Garrett T, et al. Effects of delayed surgical resection on short-term and long-term outcomes in clinical stageⅠnon-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 99(6): 1906-1912.
- 30. Dingemans AC, Soo RA, Jazieh AR, et al. Treatment guidance for patients with lung cancer during the coronavirus 2019 pandemic. J Thorac Oncol, 2020, 15(7): 1119-1136.
- 31. Cao L, Linden PA, Biswas T, et al. Modeling the COVID pandemic: Do delays in surgery justify using stereotactic radiation to treat low-risk early stage non-small cell lung cancer? J Surg Res, 2023, 283: 532-539.
- 32. Thoracic Surgery Outcomes Research Network Inc, Antonoff M, Backhus L, et al. COVID-19 guidance for triage of operations for thoracic malignancies: A consensus statement from Thoracic Surgery Outcomes Research Network. Ann Thorac Surg, 2020, 110(2): 692-696.
- 33. American Society of Surgeons. 2020 COVID-19 guidelines for triage of thoracic patients. URL: https://www.facs.org/covid-19/clinical-guidance/elective-case/thoracic-cancer.
- 34. Peng S, Huang L, Zhao B, et al. Clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 in 11 patients after thoracic surgery and challenges in diagnosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 160(2): 585-592.
- 35. Scarci M, Raveglia F. Commentary: The double responsibility of the thoracic surgeon at the time of the pandemic: A perspective from the North of Italy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 160(2): 595-596.
- 36. Muñoz-Largacha JA, Wei B. Commentary: Lung surgery in the time of COVID-19. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 160(2): e97-e98.
- 37. Nefedov A, Mortada M, Novitskaya T, et al. Lobectomy with pathological examination in lung cancer patients who recovered from COVID-19. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2021, 69(8): 1258-1260.
- 38. Komatsu H, Izumi N, Tsukioka T, et al. Lung cancer surgery after COVID-19 infection in a patient with severe interstitial pneumonia and restrictive ventilatory impairment. Surg Case Rep, 2022, 8(1): 173.
- 39. Nakagomi T, Goto T, Hirotsu Y, et al. Lung cancer surgery with persistent COVID-19 infection. Ann Thorac Surg, 2022, 114(2): e79-e81.
- 40. Elkrief A, Wu JT, Jani C, et al. Learning through a pandemic: The current state of knowledge on COVID-19 and cancer. Cancer Discov, 2022, 12(2): 303-330.
- 41. Griffiths EA, Alwan LM, Bachiashvili K, et al. Considerations for use of hematopoietic growth factors in patients with cancer related to the COVID-19 pandemic. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2020: 1-4.
- 42. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Cancer treatment & supportive care (2020). URL: https://www.asco.org/asco-coronavirus-resources/care-individuals-cancer-during-covid-19/cancer-treatment-supportive-care.
- 43. European Society for Medical Oncology. Supportive care strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020). URL: https://www.esmo.org/guidelines/cancer-patient-management-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/supportivecare-in-the-covid-19-era.
- 44. Nawar T, Morjaria S, Kaltsas A, et al. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in COVID-19: Is it stimulating more than just the bone marrow? Am J Hematol, 2020, 95(8): E210-E213.
- 45. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet, 2020, 395(10229): 1033-1034.
- 46. Soria JC, Ohe Y, Vansteenkiste J, et al. Osimertinib in untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(2): 113-125.
- 47. Curigliano G, Banerjee S, Cervantes A, et al. Managing cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: An ESMO multidisciplinary expert consensus. Ann Oncol, 2020, 31(10): 1320-1335.
- 48. Bilek O, Holanek M, Jurica J, et al. Drug interaction profile of TKI alectinib allows effective and safe treatment of ALK+ lung cancer in the kidney transplant recipient. Int Immunopharmacol, 2021, 99: 108012.
- 49. Cadranel J, Canellas A, Matton L, et al. Pulmonary complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Eur Respir Rev, 2019, 28(153): 190058.
- 50. Thevarajan I, Nguyen THO, Koutsakos M, et al. Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: A case report of non-severe COVID-19. Nat Med, 2020, 26(4): 453-455.
- 51. Zheng M, Gao Y, Wang G, et al. Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol, 2020, 17(5): 533-535.
- 52. Luo J, Rizvi H, Egger JV, et al. Impact of PD-1 blockade on severity of COVID-19 in patients with lung cancers. Cancer Discov, 2020, 10(8): 1121-1128.
- 53. Mandala M, Lorigan P, De Luca M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection and adverse events in patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: An observational prospective study. J Immunother Cancer, 2021: 9.
- 54. Passaro A, Addeo A, Von Garnier C, et al. ESMO management and treatment adapted recommendations in the COVID-19 era: Lung cancer. ESMO Open, 2020, 5(Suppl 3): e000820.
- 55. Hijmering-Kappelle LBM, Hiltermann TJN, Bensch F. Safety and efficacy of extended interval dosing for immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Lung Cancer, 2022, 23(2): 143-150.
- 56. Käsmann L, Taugner J, Nieto A, et al. Radiation-induced lung injury: Prevention, diagnostics and therapy in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Med, 2022, 11(19): 5713.
- 57. Shaverdian N, Shepherd AF, Rimner A, et al. Need for caution in the diagnosis of radiation pneumonitis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adv Radiat Oncol, 2020, 5(4): 617-620.
- 58. Zeng Q, Tang C, Deng L, et al. Differential diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia in cancer patients received radiotherapy. Int J Med Sci, 2020, 17(16): 2561-2569.
- 59. Banfill K, Croxford W, Fornacon-Wood I, et al. Changes in the management of patients having radical radiotherapy for lung cancer during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2022, 34(1): 19-27.
- 60. Guckenberger M, Belka C, Bezjak A, et al. Practice recommendations for lung cancer radiotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic: An ESTRO-ASTRO consensus statement. Radiother Oncol, 2020, 146: 223-229.
- 61. Faivre-Finn C, Fenwick JD, Franks KN, et al. Reduced fractionation in lung cancer patients treated with curative-intent radiotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2020, 32(8): 481-489.