The development process, research status, and prospect of physical ablation in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

ZHOU Xiaoyu ^1,2,3 , AN Yirong ^1,2,3 , JU Ran ^1,2,3 , LENG Haoze ^1,2,3 , TAO Shiran ^1,2,3 , TIAN Jia Wei ^1,2,3,4 , WU Ming'e ^2,3 , ZHU Haoyang ^2,3 ,  LYU Yi ^1,2,3,4 ,  ZHANG Nana ^1,2,3

1. Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China;
2. National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China;
3. Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China;
4. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LYU Yi, Email: luyi169@126.com; ZHANG Nana, Email: znn164503047@mail.xjtu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Physical ablation; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; airway ablation; review

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202404052

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common chronic respiratory disease around the world, and pharmacotherapy is the foremost treatment method currently. In recent decades, with the rapid development of bronchoscopic interventional therapy, endoscopic physical ablation technology presents a therapeutic effect in treating COPD, with few treatment-related side effects, showing excellent application prospects in treating COPD. Since ablation techniques in this field are emerging technologies with low patient acceptance, they are not widely used in the clinical treatment of COPD. This article reviews the development process of physical ablation techniquesc. Moreover, their current application status and the prospects in the field of COPD treatment were also summarized and analyzed. We hope to promote the application of physical ablation in the clinical treatment of COPD and provide practical references and a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of COPD.

1.	Golpe R, Suárez-Valor M, Martín-Robles I, et al. Mortality in COPD patients according to clinical phenotypes. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2018, 13: 1433-1439.
2.	Hernández Vázquez J, Ali García I, Jiménez-García R, et al. COPD phenotypes: Differences in survival. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2018, 13: 2245-2251.
3.	DeMarco B, MacRosty CR. Bronchoscopic management of COPD and advances in therapy. Life (Basel), 2023, 13(4): 1036.
4.	Li R, Shi J, Huang D, et al. Preoperative risk factors for successful extubation or not after lung transplantation. J Thorac Dis, 2020, 12(12): 7135-7144.
5.	Hartman JE, Garner JL, Shah PL, et al. New bronchoscopic treatment modalities for patients with chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir Rev, 2021, 30(159): 200281.
6.	Perotin JM, Dewolf M, Launois C, et al. Bronchoscopic management of asthma, COPD and emphysema. Eur Respir Rev, 2021, 30(159): 200029.
7.	Brantigan OC, Mueller E, Kress MB. A surgical approach to pulmonary emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1959, 80(1, Part 2): 194-206.
8.	Cooper JD, Trulock EP, Triantafillou AN, et al. Bilateral pneumectomy (volume reduction) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1995, 109(1): 106-116.
9.	Ware JH. The National emphysema treatment trial: How strong is the evidence? N Engl J Med, 2003, 348(21): 2055-2056.
10.	Emery MJ, Couëtil LL, Coad J, et al. Lung volume reduction (LVR) by bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation (BTVA). Chest, 2007, 132(4): 439B.
11.	Emery MJ, Eveland RL, Eveland K, et al. Lung volume reduction by bronchoscopic administration of steam. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2010, 182(10): 1282-1291.
12.	Tuck SA, Lopes-Berkas V, Beam S, et al. Bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation in a canine model of emphysema. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2012, 7: 21-31.
13.	Snell GI, Hopkins P, Westall G, et al. A feasibility and safety study of bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation: A novel emphysema therapy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 88(6): 1993-1998.
14.	Shah PL, Gompelmann D, Valipour A, et al. Thermal vapour ablation to reduce segmental volume in patients with severe emphysema: STEP-UP 12 month results. Lancet Respir Med, 2016, 4(9): e44-e45.
15.	Herth FJ, Valipour A, Shah PL, et al. Segmental volume reduction using thermal vapour ablation in patients with severe emphysema: 6-month results of the multicentre, parallel-group, open-label, randomised controlled STEP-UP trial. Lancet Respir Med, 2016, 4(3): 185-193.
16.	Zhu W, Zhang Y, Herth FJF, et al. Efficacy of bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation in patients with heterogeneous emphysema and lobar quantification by three-dimensional ventilation/perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography: A prospective pilot study from China. Chin Med J (Engl), 2022, 135(17): 2098-2100.
17.	Danek CJ, Lombard CM, Dungworth DL, et al. Reduction in airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine by the application of RF energy in dogs. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2004, 97(5): 1946-1953.
18.	Miller JD, Cox G, Vincic L, et al. A prospective feasibility study of bronchial thermoplasty in the human airway. Chest, 2005, 127(6): 1999-2006.
19.	Cox G, Miller JD, McWilliams A, et al. Bronchial thermoplasty for asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2006, 173(9): 965-969.
20.	Wang Y, Xu J, Meng Y, et al. Role of inflammatory cells in airway remodeling in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2018, 13: 3341-3348.
21.	Hogg JC, Timens W. The pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Annu Rev Pathol, 2009, 4: 435-459.
22.	Wang T, Fu P, Long F, et al. Research on the effectiveness and safety of bronchial thermoplasty in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Med Res, 2023, 28(1): 331.
23.	Godwin BL, Coad JE. Healing responses following cryothermic and hyperthermic tissue ablation. Proc Spie, 2009, 7181.
24.	Coad JE, Bischof JC. Histologic differences between cryothermic and hyperthermic therapies. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2003, 4954: 27-36.
25.	Allington HV. Liquid nitrogen in the treatment of skin diseases. Calif Med, 1950, 72(3): 153-155.
26.	Pasricha PJ, Hill S, Wadwa KS, et al. Endoscopic cryotherapy: Experimental results and first clinical use. Gastrointest Endosc, 1999, 49(5): 627-631.
27.	Krimsky WS, Broussard JN, Sarkar SA, et al. Bronchoscopic spray cryotherapy: Assessment of safety and depth of airway injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 139(3): 781-782.
28.	Slebos DJ, Breen D, Coad J, et al. Safety and histological effect of liquid nitrogen metered spray cryotherapy in the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2017, 196(10): 1351-1352.
29.	Garner JL, Shaipanich T, Hartman JE, et al. A prospective safety and feasibility study of metered cryospray for patients with chronic bronchitis in COPD. Eur Respir J, 2020, 56(6): 2000556.
30.	Gosens R, Zaagsma J, Meurs H, et al. Muscarinic receptor signaling in the pathophysiology of asthma and COPD. Respir Res, 2006, 7(1): 73.
31.	Hummel JP, Mayse ML, Dimmer S, et al. Physiologic and histopathologic effects of targeted lung denervation in an animal model. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2019, 126(1): 67-76.
32.	Slebos DJ, Klooster K, Koegelenberg CF, et al. Targeted lung denervation for moderate to severe COPD: A pilot study. Thorax, 2015, 70(5): 411-419.
33.	Valipour A, Shah PL, Pison C, et al. Safety and dose study of targeted lung denervation in moderate/severe COPD patients. Respiration, 2019, 98(4): 329-339.
34.	Valipour A, Shah PL, Herth FJ, et al. Two-year outcomes for the double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled study of targeted lung denervation in patients with moderate to severe COPD: AIRFLOW-2. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2020, 15: 2807-2816.
35.	Conway F, Tonkin J, Valipour A, et al. Crossover patient outcomes for targeted lung denervation in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: AIRFLOW-2. Respiration, 2022, 101(11): 1069-1074.
36.	Pison C, Shah PL, Slebos DJ, et al. Safety of denervation following targeted lung denervation therapy for COPD: AIRFLOW-1 3-year outcomes. Respir Res, 2021, 22(1): 62.
37.	Hartman JE, Conway F, Degano B, et al. Rate of lung function decline slows in the 3 years after targeted lung denervation in COPD. Respir Med, 2021, 188: 106604.
38.	Vikingstad EM, de Ridder GG, Glisson RR, et al. Comparison of acute histologic and biomechanical effects of radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation on periarticular structures in a swine model. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2015, 26(8): 1221-1228.
39.	Wang K, Sun J, Gao W, et al. Feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of a novel cryo-balloon targeted lung denervation technique in an animal model. Cryobiology, 2020, 93: 27-32.
40.	Valipour A, Fernandez-Bussy S, Ing AJ, et al. Bronchial rheoplasty for treatment of chronic bronchitis. Twelve-month results from a multicenter clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020, 202(5): 681-689.
41.	Rubinsky B. Irreversible electroporation in medicine. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2007, 6(4): 255-260.
42.	Neumann E, Rosenheck K. Permeability changes induced by electric impulses in vesicular membranes. J Membr Biol, 1972, 10(3): 279-290.
43.	Crowley JM. Electrical breakdown of bimolecular lipid membranes as an electromechanical instability. Biophys J, 1973, 13(7): 711-724.
44.	Zimmermann U, Pilwat G, Riemann F. Dielectric breakdown of cell membranes. Biophys J, 1974, 14(11): 881-899.
45.	Davalos RV, Mir IL, Rubinsky B. Tissue ablation with irreversible electroporation. Ann Biomed Eng, 2005, 33(2): 223-231.
46.	Miller L, Leor J, Rubinsky B. Cancer cells ablation with irreversible electroporation. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2005, 4(6): 699-705.
47.	Rubinsky B, Onik G, Mikus P. Irreversible electroporation: A new ablation modality-clinical implications. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2007, 6(1): 37-48.
48.	Ball C, Thomson KR, Kavnoudias H. Irreversible electroporation: A new challenge in "out of operating theater" anesthesia. Anesth Analg, 2010, 110(5): 1305-1309.
49.	Thomson KR, Cheung W, Ellis SJ, et al. Investigation of the safety of irreversible electroporation in humans. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2011, 22(5): 611-621.
50.	Niessen C, Jung EM, Schreyer AG, et al. Palliative treatment of presacral recurrence of endometrial cancer using irreversible electroporation: A case report. J Med Case Rep, 2013, 7: 128.
51.	Sun JH, Zhu TY, Chen XH, et al. In vivo evaluation of bronchial injury of irreversible electroporation in a porcine lung ablation model by using laboratory, pathological, and CT findings. Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2018, 11(3): 1273-1280.
52.	Sciurba FC, Dransfield MT, Kim V, et al. Bronchial rheoplasty for chronic bronchitis: 2-year results from a US feasibility study with RheOx. BMJ Open Respir Res, 2023, 10(1): e001710.
53.	Gompelmann D, Heussel CP, Eberhardt R, et al. Efficacy of bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation and lobar fissure completeness in patients with heterogeneous emphysema. Respiration, 2012, 83(5): 400-406.
54.	Herth FJ, Ernst A, Baker KM, et al. Characterization of outcomes 1 year after endoscopic thermal vapor ablation for patients with heterogeneous emphysema. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2012, 7: 397-405.
55.	Snell G, Herth FJ, Hopkins P, et al. Bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation therapy in the management of heterogeneous emphysema. Eur Respir J, 2012, 39(6): 1326-1333.
56.	Gompelmann D, Eberhardt R, Ernst A, et al. The localized inflammatory response to bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation. Respiration, 2013, 86(4): 324-331.
57.	Gompelmann D, Eberhardt R, Schuhmann M, et al. Lung volume reduction with vapor ablation in the presence of incomplete fissures: 12-month results from the STEP-UP randomized controlled study. Respiration, 2016, 92(6): 397-403.
58.	Denner DR, Doeing DC, Hogarth DK, et al. Airway inflammation after bronchial thermoplasty for severe asthma. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2015, 12(9): 1302-1309.
59.	Pretolani M, Bergqvist A, Thabut G, et al. Effectiveness of bronchial thermoplasty in patients with severe refractory asthma: Clinical and histopathologic correlations. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2017, 139(4): 1176-1185.
60.	Valipour A, Asadi S, Pison C, et al. Long-term safety of bilateral targeted lung denervation in patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2018, 13: 2163-2172.
61.	Koegelenberg CF, Theron J, Slebos DJ, et al. Antimuscarinic bronchodilator response retained after bronchoscopic vagal denervation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Respiration, 2016, 92(1): 58-60.
62.	Kistemaker LE, Slebos DJ, Meurs H, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of targeted lung denervation in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J, 2015, 46(5): 1489-1492.
63.	Slebos DJ, Shah PL, Herth FJF, et al. Safety and adverse events after targeted lung denervation for symptomatic moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AIRFLOW). A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2019, 200(12): 1477-1486.
64.	Hartman JE, Herth FJF, Shah P, et al. Computed tomographic airway morphology after targeted lung denervation treatment in COPD. Respir Med, 2023, 206: 107059.
65.	Herth FJF, Slebos DJ, Criner GJ, et al. Endoscopic lung volume reduction: An expert panel recommendation: Update 2019. Respiration, 2019, 97(6): 548-557.

1. Golpe R, Suárez-Valor M, Martín-Robles I, et al. Mortality in COPD patients according to clinical phenotypes. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2018, 13: 1433-1439.
2. Hernández Vázquez J, Ali García I, Jiménez-García R, et al. COPD phenotypes: Differences in survival. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2018, 13: 2245-2251.
3. DeMarco B, MacRosty CR. Bronchoscopic management of COPD and advances in therapy. Life (Basel), 2023, 13(4): 1036.
4. Li R, Shi J, Huang D, et al. Preoperative risk factors for successful extubation or not after lung transplantation. J Thorac Dis, 2020, 12(12): 7135-7144.
5. Hartman JE, Garner JL, Shah PL, et al. New bronchoscopic treatment modalities for patients with chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir Rev, 2021, 30(159): 200281.
6. Perotin JM, Dewolf M, Launois C, et al. Bronchoscopic management of asthma, COPD and emphysema. Eur Respir Rev, 2021, 30(159): 200029.
7. Brantigan OC, Mueller E, Kress MB. A surgical approach to pulmonary emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1959, 80(1, Part 2): 194-206.
8. Cooper JD, Trulock EP, Triantafillou AN, et al. Bilateral pneumectomy (volume reduction) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1995, 109(1): 106-116.
9. Ware JH. The National emphysema treatment trial: How strong is the evidence? N Engl J Med, 2003, 348(21): 2055-2056.
10. Emery MJ, Couëtil LL, Coad J, et al. Lung volume reduction (LVR) by bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation (BTVA). Chest, 2007, 132(4): 439B.
11. Emery MJ, Eveland RL, Eveland K, et al. Lung volume reduction by bronchoscopic administration of steam. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2010, 182(10): 1282-1291.
12. Tuck SA, Lopes-Berkas V, Beam S, et al. Bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation in a canine model of emphysema. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2012, 7: 21-31.
13. Snell GI, Hopkins P, Westall G, et al. A feasibility and safety study of bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation: A novel emphysema therapy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 88(6): 1993-1998.
14. Shah PL, Gompelmann D, Valipour A, et al. Thermal vapour ablation to reduce segmental volume in patients with severe emphysema: STEP-UP 12 month results. Lancet Respir Med, 2016, 4(9): e44-e45.
15. Herth FJ, Valipour A, Shah PL, et al. Segmental volume reduction using thermal vapour ablation in patients with severe emphysema: 6-month results of the multicentre, parallel-group, open-label, randomised controlled STEP-UP trial. Lancet Respir Med, 2016, 4(3): 185-193.
16. Zhu W, Zhang Y, Herth FJF, et al. Efficacy of bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation in patients with heterogeneous emphysema and lobar quantification by three-dimensional ventilation/perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography: A prospective pilot study from China. Chin Med J (Engl), 2022, 135(17): 2098-2100.
17. Danek CJ, Lombard CM, Dungworth DL, et al. Reduction in airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine by the application of RF energy in dogs. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2004, 97(5): 1946-1953.
18. Miller JD, Cox G, Vincic L, et al. A prospective feasibility study of bronchial thermoplasty in the human airway. Chest, 2005, 127(6): 1999-2006.
19. Cox G, Miller JD, McWilliams A, et al. Bronchial thermoplasty for asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2006, 173(9): 965-969.
20. Wang Y, Xu J, Meng Y, et al. Role of inflammatory cells in airway remodeling in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2018, 13: 3341-3348.
21. Hogg JC, Timens W. The pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Annu Rev Pathol, 2009, 4: 435-459.
22. Wang T, Fu P, Long F, et al. Research on the effectiveness and safety of bronchial thermoplasty in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Med Res, 2023, 28(1): 331.
23. Godwin BL, Coad JE. Healing responses following cryothermic and hyperthermic tissue ablation. Proc Spie, 2009, 7181.
24. Coad JE, Bischof JC. Histologic differences between cryothermic and hyperthermic therapies. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2003, 4954: 27-36.
25. Allington HV. Liquid nitrogen in the treatment of skin diseases. Calif Med, 1950, 72(3): 153-155.
26. Pasricha PJ, Hill S, Wadwa KS, et al. Endoscopic cryotherapy: Experimental results and first clinical use. Gastrointest Endosc, 1999, 49(5): 627-631.
27. Krimsky WS, Broussard JN, Sarkar SA, et al. Bronchoscopic spray cryotherapy: Assessment of safety and depth of airway injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 139(3): 781-782.
28. Slebos DJ, Breen D, Coad J, et al. Safety and histological effect of liquid nitrogen metered spray cryotherapy in the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2017, 196(10): 1351-1352.
29. Garner JL, Shaipanich T, Hartman JE, et al. A prospective safety and feasibility study of metered cryospray for patients with chronic bronchitis in COPD. Eur Respir J, 2020, 56(6): 2000556.
30. Gosens R, Zaagsma J, Meurs H, et al. Muscarinic receptor signaling in the pathophysiology of asthma and COPD. Respir Res, 2006, 7(1): 73.
31. Hummel JP, Mayse ML, Dimmer S, et al. Physiologic and histopathologic effects of targeted lung denervation in an animal model. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2019, 126(1): 67-76.
32. Slebos DJ, Klooster K, Koegelenberg CF, et al. Targeted lung denervation for moderate to severe COPD: A pilot study. Thorax, 2015, 70(5): 411-419.
33. Valipour A, Shah PL, Pison C, et al. Safety and dose study of targeted lung denervation in moderate/severe COPD patients. Respiration, 2019, 98(4): 329-339.
34. Valipour A, Shah PL, Herth FJ, et al. Two-year outcomes for the double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled study of targeted lung denervation in patients with moderate to severe COPD: AIRFLOW-2. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2020, 15: 2807-2816.
35. Conway F, Tonkin J, Valipour A, et al. Crossover patient outcomes for targeted lung denervation in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: AIRFLOW-2. Respiration, 2022, 101(11): 1069-1074.
36. Pison C, Shah PL, Slebos DJ, et al. Safety of denervation following targeted lung denervation therapy for COPD: AIRFLOW-1 3-year outcomes. Respir Res, 2021, 22(1): 62.
37. Hartman JE, Conway F, Degano B, et al. Rate of lung function decline slows in the 3 years after targeted lung denervation in COPD. Respir Med, 2021, 188: 106604.
38. Vikingstad EM, de Ridder GG, Glisson RR, et al. Comparison of acute histologic and biomechanical effects of radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation on periarticular structures in a swine model. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2015, 26(8): 1221-1228.
39. Wang K, Sun J, Gao W, et al. Feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of a novel cryo-balloon targeted lung denervation technique in an animal model. Cryobiology, 2020, 93: 27-32.
40. Valipour A, Fernandez-Bussy S, Ing AJ, et al. Bronchial rheoplasty for treatment of chronic bronchitis. Twelve-month results from a multicenter clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020, 202(5): 681-689.
41. Rubinsky B. Irreversible electroporation in medicine. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2007, 6(4): 255-260.
42. Neumann E, Rosenheck K. Permeability changes induced by electric impulses in vesicular membranes. J Membr Biol, 1972, 10(3): 279-290.
43. Crowley JM. Electrical breakdown of bimolecular lipid membranes as an electromechanical instability. Biophys J, 1973, 13(7): 711-724.
44. Zimmermann U, Pilwat G, Riemann F. Dielectric breakdown of cell membranes. Biophys J, 1974, 14(11): 881-899.
45. Davalos RV, Mir IL, Rubinsky B. Tissue ablation with irreversible electroporation. Ann Biomed Eng, 2005, 33(2): 223-231.
46. Miller L, Leor J, Rubinsky B. Cancer cells ablation with irreversible electroporation. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2005, 4(6): 699-705.
47. Rubinsky B, Onik G, Mikus P. Irreversible electroporation: A new ablation modality-clinical implications. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2007, 6(1): 37-48.
48. Ball C, Thomson KR, Kavnoudias H. Irreversible electroporation: A new challenge in "out of operating theater" anesthesia. Anesth Analg, 2010, 110(5): 1305-1309.
49. Thomson KR, Cheung W, Ellis SJ, et al. Investigation of the safety of irreversible electroporation in humans. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2011, 22(5): 611-621.
50. Niessen C, Jung EM, Schreyer AG, et al. Palliative treatment of presacral recurrence of endometrial cancer using irreversible electroporation: A case report. J Med Case Rep, 2013, 7: 128.
51. Sun JH, Zhu TY, Chen XH, et al. In vivo evaluation of bronchial injury of irreversible electroporation in a porcine lung ablation model by using laboratory, pathological, and CT findings. Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2018, 11(3): 1273-1280.
52. Sciurba FC, Dransfield MT, Kim V, et al. Bronchial rheoplasty for chronic bronchitis: 2-year results from a US feasibility study with RheOx. BMJ Open Respir Res, 2023, 10(1): e001710.
53. Gompelmann D, Heussel CP, Eberhardt R, et al. Efficacy of bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation and lobar fissure completeness in patients with heterogeneous emphysema. Respiration, 2012, 83(5): 400-406.
54. Herth FJ, Ernst A, Baker KM, et al. Characterization of outcomes 1 year after endoscopic thermal vapor ablation for patients with heterogeneous emphysema. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2012, 7: 397-405.
55. Snell G, Herth FJ, Hopkins P, et al. Bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation therapy in the management of heterogeneous emphysema. Eur Respir J, 2012, 39(6): 1326-1333.
56. Gompelmann D, Eberhardt R, Ernst A, et al. The localized inflammatory response to bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation. Respiration, 2013, 86(4): 324-331.
57. Gompelmann D, Eberhardt R, Schuhmann M, et al. Lung volume reduction with vapor ablation in the presence of incomplete fissures: 12-month results from the STEP-UP randomized controlled study. Respiration, 2016, 92(6): 397-403.
58. Denner DR, Doeing DC, Hogarth DK, et al. Airway inflammation after bronchial thermoplasty for severe asthma. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2015, 12(9): 1302-1309.
59. Pretolani M, Bergqvist A, Thabut G, et al. Effectiveness of bronchial thermoplasty in patients with severe refractory asthma: Clinical and histopathologic correlations. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2017, 139(4): 1176-1185.
60. Valipour A, Asadi S, Pison C, et al. Long-term safety of bilateral targeted lung denervation in patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2018, 13: 2163-2172.
61. Koegelenberg CF, Theron J, Slebos DJ, et al. Antimuscarinic bronchodilator response retained after bronchoscopic vagal denervation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Respiration, 2016, 92(1): 58-60.
62. Kistemaker LE, Slebos DJ, Meurs H, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of targeted lung denervation in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J, 2015, 46(5): 1489-1492.
63. Slebos DJ, Shah PL, Herth FJF, et al. Safety and adverse events after targeted lung denervation for symptomatic moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AIRFLOW). A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2019, 200(12): 1477-1486.
64. Hartman JE, Herth FJF, Shah P, et al. Computed tomographic airway morphology after targeted lung denervation treatment in COPD. Respir Med, 2023, 206: 107059.
65. Herth FJF, Slebos DJ, Criner GJ, et al. Endoscopic lung volume reduction: An expert panel recommendation: Update 2019. Respiration, 2019, 97(6): 548-557.

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Latest ArticlesThe development process, research status, and prospect of physical ablation in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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