Value of Radiofrequency Ablation in Radical Cure for Hepatocellular Carcinoma_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

 FENGKai ,  MAKuan-sheng , BIEPing

Insitute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Southwest Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China;

Corresponding author：

MAKuan-sheng, Email: makuansheng@vip.sina.com

Keywords：

Hepatocellular carcinoma; Radiofrequency ablation; Liver transplantation; Hepatectomy

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.20140035

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To explore the value of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the radical cure for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Method The recent literatures about RFA in the treatment for HCC were retrieved and reviewed. Results The liver transplantation, liver resection, and RFA were the three effective treatments in curative intent for early HCC.RFA was more frequently used in downsize therapy prior to liver transplantation in recent years because of its excellent local tumor control.Preoperative RFA extended the average waiting time without increasing the risk of dropout.Even though the controversy about effectiveness of RFA and hepatectomy was not been settled, the liver resection com-bined with RFA extended the operation indication of HCC and improved the effectiveness. Conclusions RFA plays more and more important roles among the various treatment strategies in HCC.RFA, liver transplantation, and hepatectomy could be complementary to each other in the treatment for HCC and benefit numerous patients.Among these strategies, the key to improve the effectiveness is that minimum reduces residual tumors and suppresses their growth.

Citation： FENGKai, MAKuan-sheng, BIEPing. Value of Radiofrequency Ablation in Radical Cure for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2014, 21(2): 150-155. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.20140035 Copy

1.	Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al.Estimates of worldwide burdenof cancer in 2008:Globocan 2008[J].Int J Cancer, 2010, 127(12):2893-2917.
2.	Bosetti C, Levi F, Boffetta P, et al.Trends in mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma in Europe, 1980-2004[J].Hepatology, 2008, 48(1):137-145.
3.	Yuen MF, Hou JL, Chutaputti A; Asia Pacific Working Party on Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Hepatocellular carcinoma in the Asia pacific region[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 24(3):346-353.
4.	Bruix J, Sherman M; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.Management of hepatocellular carcinoma:an update[J].Hepatology, 2011, 53(3):1020-1022.
5.	Llovet JM, Bruix J.Novel advancements in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma in 2008[J].J Hepatol, 2008, 48(suppl 1):S20-S37.
6.	Duffy JP, Hiatt JR, Busuttil RW.Surgical resection of hepatoce-llular carcinoma[J].Cancer J, 2008, 14(2):100-110.
7.	Ikai I, Arii S, Okazaki M, et al.Report of the 18th follow-up survey of primary liver cancer in Japan[J].Hepatol Res, 2010, 40(9):1043-1059.
8.	Lau WY, Lai EC.The current role of radiofrequency ablation in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma:a systematic review[J].Ann Surg, 2009, 249(1):20-25.
9.	Curley SA, Marra P, Beaty K, et al.Early and late complications after radiofrequency ablation of malignant liver tumors in 608 patients[J].Ann Surg, 2004, 239(4):450-458.
10.	Curley SA.Radiofrequency ablation leads to excellent local tumor control and durable longterm survival in specific subsets of early stage HCC patients confirming to the Milan criteria[J].Ann Surg, 2010, 252(6):913-914.
11.	Nishikawa H, Kimura T, Kita R, et al.Radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Int J Hyperthermia, 2013, 29(6):558-568.
12.	Forner A, Llovet JM, Bruix J.Hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Lancet, 2012, 379(9822):1245-1255.
13.	Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al.Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis[J].N Engl J Med, 1996, 334(11):693-699.
14.	Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM, et al.Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival[J].Hepatology, 2001, 33(6):1394-1403.
15.	Mazzaferro V, Llovet JM, Miceli R, et al.Predicting survival after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the Milan criteria:a retrospective, exploratory analysis[J].Lancet Oncol, 2009, 10(1):35-43.
16.	Duffy JP, Vardanian A, Benjamin E, et al.Liver transplantation criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma should be expanded:a 22-year experience with 467 patients at UCLA[J].Ann Surg, 2007, 246(3):502-511.
17.	Lee SG, Hwang S, Moon DB, et al.Expanded indication criteria of living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma at one large-volume center[J].Liver Transpl, 2008, 14(7):935-945.
18.	Tamura S, Sugawara Y, Kokudo N.Living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:the Japanese experience[J].Oncology, 2011, 81(suppl 1):111-115.
19.	Llovet JM, Mas X, Aponte JJ, et al.Cost effectiveness of adjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma during the waiting list for liver transplantation[J].Gut, 2002, 50(1):123-128.
20.	Fisher RA, Maluf D, Cotterell AH, et al.Non-resective ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma:effectiveness measured by intention-to-treat and dropout from liver transplant waiting list[J].Clin Transplant, 2004, 18(5):502-512.
21.	Pulvirenti A, Garbagnati F, Regalia E, et al.Experience with radiofrequency ablation of small hepatocellular carcinomas before liver transplantation[J].Transplant Proc, 2001, 33(1/2):1516-1517.
22.	Fontana RJ, Hamidullah H, Nghiem H, et al.Percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma:a safe and effective bridge to liver transplantation[J].Liver Transpl, 2002, 8(12):1165-1174.
23.	Schroeder T, Sotiropoulos GC, Molmenti EP, et al.Changes in staging for hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation prior to liver transplantation as found in the explanted liver[J].Hepatogastroenterology, 2012, 58(112):2029-2031.
24.	Panaro F, Piardi T, Audet M, et al.Laparoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation as a bridge to liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:preliminary results[J].Transplant Proc, 2010, 42(4):1179-1181.
25.	Brillet PY, Paradis V, Brancatelli G, et al.Percutaneous radiofr-equency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transp-lantation:a prospective study with histopathologic comparison[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2006, 186(5 suppl):S296-S305.
26.	DuBay DA, Sandroussi C, Kachura JR, et al.Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as a bridge to liver transplantation[J].HPB (Oxford), 2011, 13(1):24-32.
27.	Mazzaferro V, Battiston C, Perrone S, et al.Radiofrequency ablation of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation:a prospective study[J].Ann Surg, 2004, 240(5):900-909.
28.	Pompili M, Mirante VG, Rondinara G, et al.Percutaneous abla-tion procedures in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma submitted to liver transplantation:Assessment of efficacy at explant analysis and of safety for tumor recurrence[J].Liver Transpl, 2005, 11(9):1117-1126.
29.	Cherqui D, Laurent A, Mocellin N, et al.Liver resection for transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma:long-term survival and role of secondary liver transplantation[J].Ann Surg, 2009, 250(5):738-746.
30.	Kudo M.Radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma:updated review in 2010[J].Oncology, 2010, 78(suppl 1):113-124.
31.	N'Kontchou G, Aout M, Laurent A, et al.Survival after radiofrequency ablation and salvage transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and Child-Pugh A cirrhosis[J].J Hepatol, 2012, 56(1):160-166.
32.	Yao FY, Kerlan RK, Hirose R, et al.Excellent outcome following down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation:an intention-to-treat analysis[J].Hepatology, 2008, 48(3):819-827.
33.	Di Benedetto F, Tarantino G, Montalti R, et al.Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation in the caudate lobe for hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation[J].J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 2012, 22(4):400-402.
34.	Ishizawa T, Mise Y, Aoki T, et al.Surgical technique:new advances for expanding indications and increasing safety in liver resection for HCC:the Eastern perspective[J].J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 2010, 17(4):389-393.
35.	Fong Y, Sun RL, Jarnagin W, et al.An analysis of 412 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma at a Western center[J].Ann Surg, 1999, 229(6):790-800.
36.	Esnaola NF, Mirza N, Lauwers GY, et al.Comparison of clinico-pathologic characteristics and outcomes after resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated in the United States, France, and Japan[J].Ann Surg, 2003, 238(5):711-719.
37.	Minami Y, Kudo M.Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma:Current status[J].World J Radiol, 2010, 2(11):417-424.
38.	Benvegnù L, Gios M, Boccato S, et al.Natural history of compensated viral cirrhosis:a prospective study on the incidence and hierarchy of major complications[J].Gut, 2004, 53(5):744-749.
39.	Fattovich G, Stroffolini T, Zagni I, et al.Hepatocellular carci-noma in cirrhosis:incidence and risk factors[J].Gastroenter-ology, 2004, 127(5 suppl 1):S35-S50.
40.	Kaibori M, Matsui Y, Hijikawa T, et al.Comparison of limited and anatomic hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis C[J].Surgery, 2006, 139(3):385-394.
41.	Imai K, Beppu T, Chikamoto A, et al.Comparison between hepatic resection and radiofrequency ablation as first-line treatment for solitary small-sized hepatocellular carcinoma of 3 cm or less[J].Hepatol Res, 2013, 43(8):853-864.
42.	Peng ZW, Liu FR, Ye S, et al.Radiofrequency ablation versus open hepatic resection for elderly patients ( > 65 years) with very early or early hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Cancer, 2013[Epub ahead of print].
43.	Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Li B, et al.Meta-analysis of radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma[J].BMC Gastroenterol, 2010, 10:78.
44.	Liu Z, Zhou Y, Zhang P, et al.Meta-analysis of the therapeutic effect of hepatectomy versus radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech, 2010, 20(3):130-140.
45.	Chen MS, Li JQ, Zheng Y, et al.A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Ann Surg, 2006, 243(3):321-328.
46.	Huang J, Yan L, Cheng Z, et al.A randomized trial comparing radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for HCC conforming to the Milan criteria[J].Ann Surg, 2010, 252(6):903-912.
47.	Feng K, Yan J, Li X, et al.A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatol, 2012, 57(4):794-802.
48.	Cucchetti A, Piscaglia F, Cescon M, et al.Cost-effectiveness of hepatic resection versus percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for early hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatol, 2013, 59(2):300-307.
49.	Dan JQ, Zhang YJ, Huang JT, et al.Hepatitis B virus reactivation after radiofrequency ablation or hepatic resection for HBV-related small hepatocellular carcinoma:a retrospective study[J].Eur J Surg Oncol, 2013, 39(8):865-872.
50.	Meredith K, Haemmerich D, Qi C, et al.Hepatic resection but not radiofrequency ablation results in tumor growth and increased growth factor expression[J].Ann Surg, 2007, 245(5):771-776.
51.	Waitz R, Solomon SB.Can local radiofrequency ablation of tumors generate systemic immunity against metastatic disease?[J].Radiology, 2009, 251(1):1-2.
52.	Haen SP, Pereira PL, Salih HR, et al.More than just tumor des-truction:immunomodulation by thermal ablation of cancer[J]. Clin Dev Immunol, 2011, 2011:160250.
53.	Greten TF, Korangy F.Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of HCC-maybe much more than simple tumor destruction?[J].J Hepatol, 2010, 53(4):775-776.
54.	Zerbini A, Pilli M, Penna A, et al.Radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma liver nodules can activate and enhance tumor-specific T-cell responses[J].Cancer Res, 2006, 66(2):1139-1146.
55.	Zerbini A, Pilli M, Laccabue D, et al.Radiofrequency thermal ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma stimulates autologous NK-cell response[J].Gastroenterology, 2010, 138(5):1931-1942.
56.	Nijkamp MW, van der Bilt JD, de Bruijn MT, et al.Accelerated perinecrotic outgrowth of colorectal liver metastases following radiofrequency ablation is a hypoxia-driven phenomenon[J].Ann Surg, 2009, 249(5):814-823.
57.	Nijkamp MW, Hoogwater FJ, Steller EJ, et al.CD95 is a key mediator of invasion and accelerated outgrowth of mouse colorectal liver metastases following radiofrequency ablation[J].J Hepatol, 2010, 53(6):1069-1077.
58.	Ke S, Ding XM, Kong J, et al.Low temperature of radiofrequ-ency ablation at the target sites can facilitate rapid progression of residual hepatic VX2 carcinoma[J].J Transl Med, 2010, 8:73.
59.	Cheng J, Li M, Lv Y.Sub-lethal heat treatment promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhances the malignant potential of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Hepatology, 2013 Jul 31.
60.	Yeh CN, Lee WC, Chen MF.Hepatic resection and prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 10 cm:two decades of experience at Chang Gung memorial hospital[J].Ann Surg Oncol, 2003, 10(9):1070-1076.
61.	Elias D, Debaere T, Muttillo I, et al.Intraoperative use of radiofrequency treatment allows an increase in the rate of curative liver resection[J].J Surg Oncol, 1998, 67(3):190-191.
62.	Elias D, Goharin A, El Otmany A, et al.Usefulness of intraoperative radiofrequency thermoablation of liver tumours associated or not with hepatectomy[J].Eur J Surg Oncol, 2000, 26(8):763-769.
63.	Choi D, Lim HK, Joh JW, et al.Combined hepatectomy and radiofrequency ablation for multifocal hepatocellular carcinomas:long-term follow-up results and prognostic factors[J].Ann Surg Oncol, 2007, 14(12):3510-3518.
64.	Cheung TT, Ng KK, Chok KS, et al.Combined resection and radiofrequency ablation for multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma:prognosis and outcomes[J].World J Gastroenterol, 2010, 16(24):3056-3062.
65.	Choi D, Lim HK, Rhim H.Concurrent and subsequent radio-frequency ablation combined with hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinomas[J].World J Gastrointest Surg, 2010, 2(4):137-142.
66.	Weber JC, Navarra G, Jiao LR, et al.New technique for liver resection using heat coagulative necrosis[J].Ann Surg, 2002, 236(5):560-563.
67.	Pai M, Spalding D, Jiao L, et al.Use of bipolar radiofrequency in parenchymal transection of the liver, pancreas and kidney[J].Dig Surg, 2012, 29(1):43-47.

1. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al.Estimates of worldwide burdenof cancer in 2008:Globocan 2008[J].Int J Cancer, 2010, 127(12):2893-2917.
2. Bosetti C, Levi F, Boffetta P, et al.Trends in mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma in Europe, 1980-2004[J].Hepatology, 2008, 48(1):137-145.
3. Yuen MF, Hou JL, Chutaputti A; Asia Pacific Working Party on Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Hepatocellular carcinoma in the Asia pacific region[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 24(3):346-353.
4. Bruix J, Sherman M; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.Management of hepatocellular carcinoma:an update[J].Hepatology, 2011, 53(3):1020-1022.
5. Llovet JM, Bruix J.Novel advancements in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma in 2008[J].J Hepatol, 2008, 48(suppl 1):S20-S37.
6. Duffy JP, Hiatt JR, Busuttil RW.Surgical resection of hepatoce-llular carcinoma[J].Cancer J, 2008, 14(2):100-110.
7. Ikai I, Arii S, Okazaki M, et al.Report of the 18th follow-up survey of primary liver cancer in Japan[J].Hepatol Res, 2010, 40(9):1043-1059.
8. Lau WY, Lai EC.The current role of radiofrequency ablation in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma:a systematic review[J].Ann Surg, 2009, 249(1):20-25.
9. Curley SA, Marra P, Beaty K, et al.Early and late complications after radiofrequency ablation of malignant liver tumors in 608 patients[J].Ann Surg, 2004, 239(4):450-458.
10. Curley SA.Radiofrequency ablation leads to excellent local tumor control and durable longterm survival in specific subsets of early stage HCC patients confirming to the Milan criteria[J].Ann Surg, 2010, 252(6):913-914.
11. Nishikawa H, Kimura T, Kita R, et al.Radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Int J Hyperthermia, 2013, 29(6):558-568.
12. Forner A, Llovet JM, Bruix J.Hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Lancet, 2012, 379(9822):1245-1255.
13. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al.Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis[J].N Engl J Med, 1996, 334(11):693-699.
14. Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM, et al.Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival[J].Hepatology, 2001, 33(6):1394-1403.
15. Mazzaferro V, Llovet JM, Miceli R, et al.Predicting survival after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the Milan criteria:a retrospective, exploratory analysis[J].Lancet Oncol, 2009, 10(1):35-43.
16. Duffy JP, Vardanian A, Benjamin E, et al.Liver transplantation criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma should be expanded:a 22-year experience with 467 patients at UCLA[J].Ann Surg, 2007, 246(3):502-511.
17. Lee SG, Hwang S, Moon DB, et al.Expanded indication criteria of living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma at one large-volume center[J].Liver Transpl, 2008, 14(7):935-945.
18. Tamura S, Sugawara Y, Kokudo N.Living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:the Japanese experience[J].Oncology, 2011, 81(suppl 1):111-115.
19. Llovet JM, Mas X, Aponte JJ, et al.Cost effectiveness of adjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma during the waiting list for liver transplantation[J].Gut, 2002, 50(1):123-128.
20. Fisher RA, Maluf D, Cotterell AH, et al.Non-resective ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma:effectiveness measured by intention-to-treat and dropout from liver transplant waiting list[J].Clin Transplant, 2004, 18(5):502-512.
21. Pulvirenti A, Garbagnati F, Regalia E, et al.Experience with radiofrequency ablation of small hepatocellular carcinomas before liver transplantation[J].Transplant Proc, 2001, 33(1/2):1516-1517.
22. Fontana RJ, Hamidullah H, Nghiem H, et al.Percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma:a safe and effective bridge to liver transplantation[J].Liver Transpl, 2002, 8(12):1165-1174.
23. Schroeder T, Sotiropoulos GC, Molmenti EP, et al.Changes in staging for hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation prior to liver transplantation as found in the explanted liver[J].Hepatogastroenterology, 2012, 58(112):2029-2031.
24. Panaro F, Piardi T, Audet M, et al.Laparoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation as a bridge to liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:preliminary results[J].Transplant Proc, 2010, 42(4):1179-1181.
25. Brillet PY, Paradis V, Brancatelli G, et al.Percutaneous radiofr-equency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transp-lantation:a prospective study with histopathologic comparison[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2006, 186(5 suppl):S296-S305.
26. DuBay DA, Sandroussi C, Kachura JR, et al.Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as a bridge to liver transplantation[J].HPB (Oxford), 2011, 13(1):24-32.
27. Mazzaferro V, Battiston C, Perrone S, et al.Radiofrequency ablation of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation:a prospective study[J].Ann Surg, 2004, 240(5):900-909.
28. Pompili M, Mirante VG, Rondinara G, et al.Percutaneous abla-tion procedures in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma submitted to liver transplantation:Assessment of efficacy at explant analysis and of safety for tumor recurrence[J].Liver Transpl, 2005, 11(9):1117-1126.
29. Cherqui D, Laurent A, Mocellin N, et al.Liver resection for transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma:long-term survival and role of secondary liver transplantation[J].Ann Surg, 2009, 250(5):738-746.
30. Kudo M.Radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma:updated review in 2010[J].Oncology, 2010, 78(suppl 1):113-124.
31. N'Kontchou G, Aout M, Laurent A, et al.Survival after radiofrequency ablation and salvage transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and Child-Pugh A cirrhosis[J].J Hepatol, 2012, 56(1):160-166.
32. Yao FY, Kerlan RK, Hirose R, et al.Excellent outcome following down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation:an intention-to-treat analysis[J].Hepatology, 2008, 48(3):819-827.
33. Di Benedetto F, Tarantino G, Montalti R, et al.Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation in the caudate lobe for hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation[J].J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 2012, 22(4):400-402.
34. Ishizawa T, Mise Y, Aoki T, et al.Surgical technique:new advances for expanding indications and increasing safety in liver resection for HCC:the Eastern perspective[J].J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci, 2010, 17(4):389-393.
35. Fong Y, Sun RL, Jarnagin W, et al.An analysis of 412 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma at a Western center[J].Ann Surg, 1999, 229(6):790-800.
36. Esnaola NF, Mirza N, Lauwers GY, et al.Comparison of clinico-pathologic characteristics and outcomes after resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated in the United States, France, and Japan[J].Ann Surg, 2003, 238(5):711-719.
37. Minami Y, Kudo M.Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma:Current status[J].World J Radiol, 2010, 2(11):417-424.
38. Benvegnù L, Gios M, Boccato S, et al.Natural history of compensated viral cirrhosis:a prospective study on the incidence and hierarchy of major complications[J].Gut, 2004, 53(5):744-749.
39. Fattovich G, Stroffolini T, Zagni I, et al.Hepatocellular carci-noma in cirrhosis:incidence and risk factors[J].Gastroenter-ology, 2004, 127(5 suppl 1):S35-S50.
40. Kaibori M, Matsui Y, Hijikawa T, et al.Comparison of limited and anatomic hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis C[J].Surgery, 2006, 139(3):385-394.
41. Imai K, Beppu T, Chikamoto A, et al.Comparison between hepatic resection and radiofrequency ablation as first-line treatment for solitary small-sized hepatocellular carcinoma of 3 cm or less[J].Hepatol Res, 2013, 43(8):853-864.
42. Peng ZW, Liu FR, Ye S, et al.Radiofrequency ablation versus open hepatic resection for elderly patients ( > 65 years) with very early or early hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Cancer, 2013[Epub ahead of print].
43. Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Li B, et al.Meta-analysis of radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma[J].BMC Gastroenterol, 2010, 10:78.
44. Liu Z, Zhou Y, Zhang P, et al.Meta-analysis of the therapeutic effect of hepatectomy versus radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech, 2010, 20(3):130-140.
45. Chen MS, Li JQ, Zheng Y, et al.A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Ann Surg, 2006, 243(3):321-328.
46. Huang J, Yan L, Cheng Z, et al.A randomized trial comparing radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for HCC conforming to the Milan criteria[J].Ann Surg, 2010, 252(6):903-912.
47. Feng K, Yan J, Li X, et al.A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatol, 2012, 57(4):794-802.
48. Cucchetti A, Piscaglia F, Cescon M, et al.Cost-effectiveness of hepatic resection versus percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for early hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatol, 2013, 59(2):300-307.
49. Dan JQ, Zhang YJ, Huang JT, et al.Hepatitis B virus reactivation after radiofrequency ablation or hepatic resection for HBV-related small hepatocellular carcinoma:a retrospective study[J].Eur J Surg Oncol, 2013, 39(8):865-872.
50. Meredith K, Haemmerich D, Qi C, et al.Hepatic resection but not radiofrequency ablation results in tumor growth and increased growth factor expression[J].Ann Surg, 2007, 245(5):771-776.
51. Waitz R, Solomon SB.Can local radiofrequency ablation of tumors generate systemic immunity against metastatic disease?[J].Radiology, 2009, 251(1):1-2.
52. Haen SP, Pereira PL, Salih HR, et al.More than just tumor des-truction:immunomodulation by thermal ablation of cancer[J]. Clin Dev Immunol, 2011, 2011:160250.
53. Greten TF, Korangy F.Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of HCC-maybe much more than simple tumor destruction?[J].J Hepatol, 2010, 53(4):775-776.
54. Zerbini A, Pilli M, Penna A, et al.Radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma liver nodules can activate and enhance tumor-specific T-cell responses[J].Cancer Res, 2006, 66(2):1139-1146.
55. Zerbini A, Pilli M, Laccabue D, et al.Radiofrequency thermal ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma stimulates autologous NK-cell response[J].Gastroenterology, 2010, 138(5):1931-1942.
56. Nijkamp MW, van der Bilt JD, de Bruijn MT, et al.Accelerated perinecrotic outgrowth of colorectal liver metastases following radiofrequency ablation is a hypoxia-driven phenomenon[J].Ann Surg, 2009, 249(5):814-823.
57. Nijkamp MW, Hoogwater FJ, Steller EJ, et al.CD95 is a key mediator of invasion and accelerated outgrowth of mouse colorectal liver metastases following radiofrequency ablation[J].J Hepatol, 2010, 53(6):1069-1077.
58. Ke S, Ding XM, Kong J, et al.Low temperature of radiofrequ-ency ablation at the target sites can facilitate rapid progression of residual hepatic VX2 carcinoma[J].J Transl Med, 2010, 8:73.
59. Cheng J, Li M, Lv Y.Sub-lethal heat treatment promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhances the malignant potential of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Hepatology, 2013 Jul 31.
60. Yeh CN, Lee WC, Chen MF.Hepatic resection and prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 10 cm:two decades of experience at Chang Gung memorial hospital[J].Ann Surg Oncol, 2003, 10(9):1070-1076.
61. Elias D, Debaere T, Muttillo I, et al.Intraoperative use of radiofrequency treatment allows an increase in the rate of curative liver resection[J].J Surg Oncol, 1998, 67(3):190-191.
62. Elias D, Goharin A, El Otmany A, et al.Usefulness of intraoperative radiofrequency thermoablation of liver tumours associated or not with hepatectomy[J].Eur J Surg Oncol, 2000, 26(8):763-769.
63. Choi D, Lim HK, Joh JW, et al.Combined hepatectomy and radiofrequency ablation for multifocal hepatocellular carcinomas:long-term follow-up results and prognostic factors[J].Ann Surg Oncol, 2007, 14(12):3510-3518.
64. Cheung TT, Ng KK, Chok KS, et al.Combined resection and radiofrequency ablation for multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma:prognosis and outcomes[J].World J Gastroenterol, 2010, 16(24):3056-3062.
65. Choi D, Lim HK, Rhim H.Concurrent and subsequent radio-frequency ablation combined with hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinomas[J].World J Gastrointest Surg, 2010, 2(4):137-142.
66. Weber JC, Navarra G, Jiao LR, et al.New technique for liver resection using heat coagulative necrosis[J].Ann Surg, 2002, 236(5):560-563.
67. Pai M, Spalding D, Jiao L, et al.Use of bipolar radiofrequency in parenchymal transection of the liver, pancreas and kidney[J].Dig Surg, 2012, 29(1):43-47.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Value of Radiofrequency Ablation in Radical Cure for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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