Imaging findings of pancreatic hematologic malignancies_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

ZHENG Tianying , HUANG Zixing ,  SONG Bin

Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

SONG Bin, Email: anicesong@vip.sina.com

Keywords：

hematologic malignancies; pancreas; computed tomography; magnetic resonance imaging; review

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.201710020

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To summarize the CT, MRI, and positron emission computed tomography (PET) imaging findings of hematologic malignancies of the pancreas, so as to improve the capacity of its diagnosis. Methods After searching articles concerning radiological research about hematologic malignancies of the pancreas, summarizing its imaging characteristics. Results Hematologic malignancies of the pancreas include pancreatic lymphoma, pancreatic multiple myeloma, myeloid sarcoma, posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder, and giant lymph node hyperplasia. ① Pancreatic lymphoma: imaging features of pancreatic lymphoma are segmental or diffuse homogeneous enlargement of the pancreas, diameter of mass >5 cm, adenopathy below the level of renal veins, and lack of pancreatic duct dilation. Blurred margins of pancreas by lymphadenopathy is highly suggestive of lymphoma. ② Pancreatic multiple myeloma: pancreatic multiple myeloma are hyperintense on both T1- and T2-weighted images. ③ Pancreatic granulocytic sarcoma: pancreatic granulocytic sarcoma present as homogeneous hypoenhancing mass on CT, usually without pancreatic duct dilation. On MRI, the lesions are isointense and mildly hyperintense on T1- and T2-weighted images respectively. ④ Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder: diameter of leison of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder usually is >5 cm with poor enhancement. Lesions are mildly hyperintense on T2-weighted images and extremely hypermetabolic on PET images. ⑤ Giant lymph node hyperplasia: it mainly appear as solitary noninvasive masses. Punctate calcification and surrounding supply vessels are observed in hyaline vascular type. Plasma cell type demonstrate unapparent enhancement and less calcification. Conclusions Hematologic malignancies of the pancreas manifest different imaging features on CT, MRI, and PET. Familiarity with such characteristics helps to early recognize diseases and determine next-step measures.

Citation： ZHENG Tianying, HUANG Zixing, SONG Bin. Imaging findings of pancreatic hematologic malignancies. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2017, 24(11): 1394-1399. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.201710020 Copy

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2.	Kamisawa T, Wood LD, Itoi T, et al. Pancreatic cancer. Lancet, 2016, 388(10039): 73-85.
3.	Mishra MV, Keith SW, Shen X, et al. Primary pancreatic lymphoma: a population-based analysis using the SEER program. Am J Clin Oncol, 2013, 36(1): 38-43.
4.	Zucca E, Roggero E, Bertoni F, et al. Primary extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Part 1: Gastrointestinal, cutaneous and genitourinary lymphomas. Ann Oncol, 1997, 8(8): 727-737.
5.	Behrns KE, Sarr MG, Strickler JG. Pancreatic lymphoma: is it a surgical disease? Pancreas, 1994, 9(5): 662-667.
6.	Hamilton S, Aaltonen A. World Health Organization classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the digestive system. Lyon: IARC Press, 2000.
7.	Nishimura R, Takakuwa T, Hoshida Y, et al. Primary pancreatic lymphoma: clinicopathological analysis of 19 cases from Japan and review of the literature. Oncology, 2001, 60(4): 322-329.
8.	Battula N, Srinivasan P, Prachalias A, et al. Primary pancreatic lymphoma: diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Pancreas, 2006, 33(2): 192-194.
9.	Sandrasegaran K, Tomasian A, Elsayes KM, et al. Hematologic malignancies of the pancreas. Abdom Imaging, 2015, 40(2): 411-423.
10.	Anand D, Lall C, Bhosale P, et al. Current update on primary pancreatic lymphoma. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2016, 41(2): 347-355.
11.	Sadot E, Yahalom J, Do RK, et al. Clinical features and outcome of primary pancreatic lymphoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2015, 22(4): 1176-1184.
12.	Low G, Panu A, Millo N, et al. Multimodality imaging of neoplastic and nonneoplastic solid lesions of the pancreas. Radiographics, 2011, 31(4): 993-1015.
13.	Carbonetti F, Iannicelli E, Federici M, et al. Primary pancreatic Burkitt lymphoma presenting as acute pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Cancer, 2014, 45 Suppl 1: 265-269.
14.	Federico E, Falconi M, Zuodar G, et al. B-cell lymphoma presenting as acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology, 2011, 11(6): 553-556.
15.	Dong A, Cui Y, Gao L, et al. Patterns of FDG uptake in pancreatic non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma lesions. Abdom Imaging, 2014, 39(1): 175-186.
16.	Puli SR, Bechtold ML, Buxbaum JL, et al. How good is endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in diagnosing the correct etiology for a solid pancreatic mass? A meta-analysis and systematic review. Pancreas, 2013, 42(1): 20-26.
17.	Hall MN, Jagannathan JP, Ramaiya NH, et al. Imaging of extraosseous myeloma: CT, PET/CT, and MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2010, 195(5): 1057-1065.
18.	Oshima K, Kanda Y, Nannya Y, et al. Clinical and pathologic findings in 52 consecutively autopsied cases with multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol, 2001, 67(1): 1-5.
19.	Varettoni M, Corso A, Pica G, et al. Incidence, presenting features and outcome of extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma: a longitudinal study on 1 003 consecutive patients. Ann Oncol, 2010, 21(2): 325-330.
20.	Wu P, Davies FE, Boyd K, et al. The impact of extramedullary disease at presentation on the outcome of myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma, 2009, 50(2): 230-235.
21.	Gupta P, Rice GD, Abraham K, et al. Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the pancreas and jejunum. Clin Imaging, 2009, 33(3): 240-243.
22.	Patlas M, Khalili K, Dill-Macky MJ, et al. Spectrum of imaging findings in abdominal extraosseous myeloma. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2004, 183(4): 929-932.
23.	Kazama T, Ng CS, Giralt SA. Multiphasic CT and MRI appearances of extramedullary multiple myeloma involving the stomach, pancreas, and bladder. Clin Imaging, 2005, 29(4): 263-265.
24.	Birjawi GA, Jalbout R, Musallam KM, et al. Abdominal manifestations of multiple myeloma: a retrospective radiologic overview. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma, 2008, 8(6): 348-351.
25.	Kelekis NL, Semelka RC, Warshauer DM, et al. Nodular liver involvement in light chain multiple myeloma: appearance on US and MRI. Clin Imaging, 1997, 21(3): 207-209.
26.	Moulopoulos LA, Granfield CA, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Extraosseous multiple myeloma: imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1993, 161(5): 1083-1087.
27.	Philips S, Menias C, Vikram R, et al. Abdominal manifestations of extraosseous myeloma: cross-sectional imaging spectrum. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 2012, 36(2): 207-212.
28.	Girnius S, Munshi NC. Individualized therapy in multiple myeloma: are we there? Semin Oncol, 2013, 40(5): 567-576.
29.	Moreau P, Touzeau C. Initial treatment of transplant candidates with multiple myeloma. Semin Oncol, 2013, 40(5): 585-591.
30.	Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, et al. Pathology and genetics. Tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon: IARC Press, 2001: 104-105.
31.	Pileri SA, Ascani S, Cox MC, et al. Myeloid sarcoma: clinico-pathologic, phenotypic and cytogenetic analysis of 92 adult patients. Leukemia, 2007, 21(2): 340-350.
32.	Neiman RS, Barcos M, Berard C, et al. Granulocytic sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 61 biopsied cases. Cancer, 1981, 48(6): 1426-1437.
33.	Byrd JC, Weiss RB, Arthur DC, et al. Extramedullary leukemia adversely affects hematologic complete remission rate and overall survival in patients with t(8;21)(q22;q22): results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 8461. J Clin Oncol, 1997, 15(2): 466-475.
34.	Paydas S, Zorludemir S, Ergin M. Granulocytic sarcoma: 32 cases and review of the literature. Leuk Lymphoma, 2006, 47(12): 2527-2541.
35.	Messager M, Amielh D, Chevallier C, et al. Isolated granulocytic sarcoma of the pancreas: a tricky diagnostic for primary pancreatic extramedullary acute myeloid leukemia. World J Surg Oncol, 2012, 10: 13.
36.	Rong Y, Wang D, Lou W, et al. Granulocytic sarcoma of the pancreas: a case report and review of the literatures. BMC Gastroenterol, 2010, 10: 80.
37.	Choi EK, Byun JH, Lee SJ, et al. Imaging findings of leukemic involvement of the pancreaticobiliary system in adults. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2007, 188(6): 1589-1595.
38.	Shinagare AB, Krajewski KM, Hornick JL, et al. MRI for evaluation of myeloid sarcoma in adults: a single-institution 10-year experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2012, 199(6): 1193-1198.
39.	Lee EY, Anthony MP, Leung AY, et al. Utility of FDG PET/CT in the assessment of myeloid sarcoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2012, 198(5): 1175-1179.
40.	Yilmaz AF, Saydam G, Sahin F, et al. Granulocytic sarcoma: a systematic review. Am J Blood Res, 2013, 3(4): 265-270.
41.	Chevallier P, Mohty M, Lioure B, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for myeloid sarcoma: a retrospective study from the SFGM-TC. J Clin Oncol, 2008, 26(30): 4940-4943.
42.	Avni B, Rund D, Levin M, et al. Clinical implications of acute myeloid leukemia presenting as myeloid sarcoma. Hematol Oncol, 2012, 30(1): 34-40.
43.	Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Fraumeni JF Jr, et al. Spectrum of cancer risk among US solid organ transplant recipients. JAMA, 2011, 306(17): 1891-1901.
44.	Bakker NA, van Imhoff GW, Verschuuren EA, et al. Presentation and early detection of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation. Transpl Int, 2007, 20(3): 207-218.
45.	Végso G, Hajdu M, Sebestyén A. Lymphoproliferative disorders after solid organ transplantation-classification, incidence, risk factors, early detection and treatment options. Pathol Oncol Res, 2011, 17(3): 443-454.
46.	Parker A, Bowles K, Bradley JA, et al. Diagnosis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in solid organ transplant recipients-BCSH and BTS Guidelines. Br J Haematol, 2010, 149(5): 675-692.
47.	Cohen JI. Epstein-Barr virus infection. N Engl J Med, 2000, 343(7): 481-492.
48.	Babcock GJ, Decker LL, Freeman RB, et al. Epstein-barr virus-infected resting memory B cells, not proliferating lymphoblasts, accumulate in the peripheral blood of immunosuppressed patients. J Exp Med, 1999, 190(4): 567-576.
49.	Quinlan SC, Pfeiffer RM, Morton LM, et al. Risk factors for early-onset and late-onset post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in kidney recipients in the United States. Am J Hematol, 2011, 86(2): 206-209.
50.	Swerdlow S, Campo E, Harris N. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon: IARC Press, 2008.
51.	Pickhardt PJ, Siegel MJ. Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder of the abdomen: CT evaluation in 51 patients. Radiology, 1999, 213(1): 73-78.
52.	Blaes AH, Cioc AM, Froelich JW, et al. Positron emission tomography scanning in the setting of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Clin Transplant, 2009, 23(6): 794-799.
53.	Swinnen LJ. Diagnosis and treatment of transplant-related lymphoma. Ann Oncol, 2000, 11 Suppl 1: 45-48.
54.	Castleman B, Iverson L, Menendez VP. Localized mediastinal lymphnode hyperplasia resembling thymoma. Cancer, 1956, 9(4): 822-830.
55.	Brandt SJ, Bodine DM, Dunbar CE, et al. Dysregulated interleukin 6 expression produces a syndrome resembling Castleman’s disease in mice. J Clin Invest, 1990, 86(2): 592-599.
56.	Cronin DM, Warnke RA. Castleman disease: an update on classification and the spectrum of associated lesions. Adv Anat Pathol, 2009, 16(4): 236-246.
57.	Bonekamp D, Horton KM, Hruban RH, et al. Castleman disease: the great mimic. Radiographics, 2011, 31(6): 1793-1807.
58.	Tey HL, Tang MB. A case of paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with Castleman’s disease presenting as erosive lichen planus. Clin Exp Dermatol, 2009, 34(8): e754-e756.
59.	Ko SF, Hsieh MJ, Ng SH, et al. Imaging spectrum of Castleman’s disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2004, 182(3): 769-775.
60.	Keller AR, Hochholzer L, Castleman B. Hyaline-vascular and plasma-cell types of giant lymph node hyperplasia of the mediastinum and other locations. Cancer, 1972, 29(3): 670-683.
61.	Nicoli P, Familiari U, Bosa M, et al. HHV8-positive, HIV-negative multicentric Castleman’s disease: early and sustained complete remission with rituximab therapy without reactivation of Kaposi sarcoma. Int J Hematol, 2009, 90(3): 392-396.
62.	McAdams HP, Rosado-de-Christenson M, Fishback NF, et al. Castleman disease of the thorax: radiologic features with clinical and histopathologic correlation. Radiology, 1998, 209(1): 221-228.
63.	Soler R, Rodríguez E, Bello MJ, et al. Pancreatic Castleman’s disease: MR findings. Eur Radiol, 2003, 13 Suppl 4: L48-L50.

1. Ryan DP, Hong TS, Bardeesy N. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2014, 371(11): 1039-1049.
2. Kamisawa T, Wood LD, Itoi T, et al. Pancreatic cancer. Lancet, 2016, 388(10039): 73-85.
3. Mishra MV, Keith SW, Shen X, et al. Primary pancreatic lymphoma: a population-based analysis using the SEER program. Am J Clin Oncol, 2013, 36(1): 38-43.
4. Zucca E, Roggero E, Bertoni F, et al. Primary extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Part 1: Gastrointestinal, cutaneous and genitourinary lymphomas. Ann Oncol, 1997, 8(8): 727-737.
5. Behrns KE, Sarr MG, Strickler JG. Pancreatic lymphoma: is it a surgical disease? Pancreas, 1994, 9(5): 662-667.
6. Hamilton S, Aaltonen A. World Health Organization classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the digestive system. Lyon: IARC Press, 2000.
7. Nishimura R, Takakuwa T, Hoshida Y, et al. Primary pancreatic lymphoma: clinicopathological analysis of 19 cases from Japan and review of the literature. Oncology, 2001, 60(4): 322-329.
8. Battula N, Srinivasan P, Prachalias A, et al. Primary pancreatic lymphoma: diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Pancreas, 2006, 33(2): 192-194.
9. Sandrasegaran K, Tomasian A, Elsayes KM, et al. Hematologic malignancies of the pancreas. Abdom Imaging, 2015, 40(2): 411-423.
10. Anand D, Lall C, Bhosale P, et al. Current update on primary pancreatic lymphoma. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2016, 41(2): 347-355.
11. Sadot E, Yahalom J, Do RK, et al. Clinical features and outcome of primary pancreatic lymphoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2015, 22(4): 1176-1184.
12. Low G, Panu A, Millo N, et al. Multimodality imaging of neoplastic and nonneoplastic solid lesions of the pancreas. Radiographics, 2011, 31(4): 993-1015.
13. Carbonetti F, Iannicelli E, Federici M, et al. Primary pancreatic Burkitt lymphoma presenting as acute pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Cancer, 2014, 45 Suppl 1: 265-269.
14. Federico E, Falconi M, Zuodar G, et al. B-cell lymphoma presenting as acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology, 2011, 11(6): 553-556.
15. Dong A, Cui Y, Gao L, et al. Patterns of FDG uptake in pancreatic non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma lesions. Abdom Imaging, 2014, 39(1): 175-186.
16. Puli SR, Bechtold ML, Buxbaum JL, et al. How good is endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in diagnosing the correct etiology for a solid pancreatic mass? A meta-analysis and systematic review. Pancreas, 2013, 42(1): 20-26.
17. Hall MN, Jagannathan JP, Ramaiya NH, et al. Imaging of extraosseous myeloma: CT, PET/CT, and MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2010, 195(5): 1057-1065.
18. Oshima K, Kanda Y, Nannya Y, et al. Clinical and pathologic findings in 52 consecutively autopsied cases with multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol, 2001, 67(1): 1-5.
19. Varettoni M, Corso A, Pica G, et al. Incidence, presenting features and outcome of extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma: a longitudinal study on 1 003 consecutive patients. Ann Oncol, 2010, 21(2): 325-330.
20. Wu P, Davies FE, Boyd K, et al. The impact of extramedullary disease at presentation on the outcome of myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma, 2009, 50(2): 230-235.
21. Gupta P, Rice GD, Abraham K, et al. Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the pancreas and jejunum. Clin Imaging, 2009, 33(3): 240-243.
22. Patlas M, Khalili K, Dill-Macky MJ, et al. Spectrum of imaging findings in abdominal extraosseous myeloma. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2004, 183(4): 929-932.
23. Kazama T, Ng CS, Giralt SA. Multiphasic CT and MRI appearances of extramedullary multiple myeloma involving the stomach, pancreas, and bladder. Clin Imaging, 2005, 29(4): 263-265.
24. Birjawi GA, Jalbout R, Musallam KM, et al. Abdominal manifestations of multiple myeloma: a retrospective radiologic overview. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma, 2008, 8(6): 348-351.
25. Kelekis NL, Semelka RC, Warshauer DM, et al. Nodular liver involvement in light chain multiple myeloma: appearance on US and MRI. Clin Imaging, 1997, 21(3): 207-209.
26. Moulopoulos LA, Granfield CA, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Extraosseous multiple myeloma: imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1993, 161(5): 1083-1087.
27. Philips S, Menias C, Vikram R, et al. Abdominal manifestations of extraosseous myeloma: cross-sectional imaging spectrum. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 2012, 36(2): 207-212.
28. Girnius S, Munshi NC. Individualized therapy in multiple myeloma: are we there? Semin Oncol, 2013, 40(5): 567-576.
29. Moreau P, Touzeau C. Initial treatment of transplant candidates with multiple myeloma. Semin Oncol, 2013, 40(5): 585-591.
30. Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, et al. Pathology and genetics. Tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon: IARC Press, 2001: 104-105.
31. Pileri SA, Ascani S, Cox MC, et al. Myeloid sarcoma: clinico-pathologic, phenotypic and cytogenetic analysis of 92 adult patients. Leukemia, 2007, 21(2): 340-350.
32. Neiman RS, Barcos M, Berard C, et al. Granulocytic sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 61 biopsied cases. Cancer, 1981, 48(6): 1426-1437.
33. Byrd JC, Weiss RB, Arthur DC, et al. Extramedullary leukemia adversely affects hematologic complete remission rate and overall survival in patients with t(8;21)(q22;q22): results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 8461. J Clin Oncol, 1997, 15(2): 466-475.
34. Paydas S, Zorludemir S, Ergin M. Granulocytic sarcoma: 32 cases and review of the literature. Leuk Lymphoma, 2006, 47(12): 2527-2541.
35. Messager M, Amielh D, Chevallier C, et al. Isolated granulocytic sarcoma of the pancreas: a tricky diagnostic for primary pancreatic extramedullary acute myeloid leukemia. World J Surg Oncol, 2012, 10: 13.
36. Rong Y, Wang D, Lou W, et al. Granulocytic sarcoma of the pancreas: a case report and review of the literatures. BMC Gastroenterol, 2010, 10: 80.
37. Choi EK, Byun JH, Lee SJ, et al. Imaging findings of leukemic involvement of the pancreaticobiliary system in adults. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2007, 188(6): 1589-1595.
38. Shinagare AB, Krajewski KM, Hornick JL, et al. MRI for evaluation of myeloid sarcoma in adults: a single-institution 10-year experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2012, 199(6): 1193-1198.
39. Lee EY, Anthony MP, Leung AY, et al. Utility of FDG PET/CT in the assessment of myeloid sarcoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2012, 198(5): 1175-1179.
40. Yilmaz AF, Saydam G, Sahin F, et al. Granulocytic sarcoma: a systematic review. Am J Blood Res, 2013, 3(4): 265-270.
41. Chevallier P, Mohty M, Lioure B, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for myeloid sarcoma: a retrospective study from the SFGM-TC. J Clin Oncol, 2008, 26(30): 4940-4943.
42. Avni B, Rund D, Levin M, et al. Clinical implications of acute myeloid leukemia presenting as myeloid sarcoma. Hematol Oncol, 2012, 30(1): 34-40.
43. Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Fraumeni JF Jr, et al. Spectrum of cancer risk among US solid organ transplant recipients. JAMA, 2011, 306(17): 1891-1901.
44. Bakker NA, van Imhoff GW, Verschuuren EA, et al. Presentation and early detection of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation. Transpl Int, 2007, 20(3): 207-218.
45. Végso G, Hajdu M, Sebestyén A. Lymphoproliferative disorders after solid organ transplantation-classification, incidence, risk factors, early detection and treatment options. Pathol Oncol Res, 2011, 17(3): 443-454.
46. Parker A, Bowles K, Bradley JA, et al. Diagnosis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in solid organ transplant recipients-BCSH and BTS Guidelines. Br J Haematol, 2010, 149(5): 675-692.
47. Cohen JI. Epstein-Barr virus infection. N Engl J Med, 2000, 343(7): 481-492.
48. Babcock GJ, Decker LL, Freeman RB, et al. Epstein-barr virus-infected resting memory B cells, not proliferating lymphoblasts, accumulate in the peripheral blood of immunosuppressed patients. J Exp Med, 1999, 190(4): 567-576.
49. Quinlan SC, Pfeiffer RM, Morton LM, et al. Risk factors for early-onset and late-onset post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in kidney recipients in the United States. Am J Hematol, 2011, 86(2): 206-209.
50. Swerdlow S, Campo E, Harris N. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon: IARC Press, 2008.
51. Pickhardt PJ, Siegel MJ. Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder of the abdomen: CT evaluation in 51 patients. Radiology, 1999, 213(1): 73-78.
52. Blaes AH, Cioc AM, Froelich JW, et al. Positron emission tomography scanning in the setting of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Clin Transplant, 2009, 23(6): 794-799.
53. Swinnen LJ. Diagnosis and treatment of transplant-related lymphoma. Ann Oncol, 2000, 11 Suppl 1: 45-48.
54. Castleman B, Iverson L, Menendez VP. Localized mediastinal lymphnode hyperplasia resembling thymoma. Cancer, 1956, 9(4): 822-830.
55. Brandt SJ, Bodine DM, Dunbar CE, et al. Dysregulated interleukin 6 expression produces a syndrome resembling Castleman’s disease in mice. J Clin Invest, 1990, 86(2): 592-599.
56. Cronin DM, Warnke RA. Castleman disease: an update on classification and the spectrum of associated lesions. Adv Anat Pathol, 2009, 16(4): 236-246.
57. Bonekamp D, Horton KM, Hruban RH, et al. Castleman disease: the great mimic. Radiographics, 2011, 31(6): 1793-1807.
58. Tey HL, Tang MB. A case of paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with Castleman’s disease presenting as erosive lichen planus. Clin Exp Dermatol, 2009, 34(8): e754-e756.
59. Ko SF, Hsieh MJ, Ng SH, et al. Imaging spectrum of Castleman’s disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2004, 182(3): 769-775.
60. Keller AR, Hochholzer L, Castleman B. Hyaline-vascular and plasma-cell types of giant lymph node hyperplasia of the mediastinum and other locations. Cancer, 1972, 29(3): 670-683.
61. Nicoli P, Familiari U, Bosa M, et al. HHV8-positive, HIV-negative multicentric Castleman’s disease: early and sustained complete remission with rituximab therapy without reactivation of Kaposi sarcoma. Int J Hematol, 2009, 90(3): 392-396.
62. McAdams HP, Rosado-de-Christenson M, Fishback NF, et al. Castleman disease of the thorax: radiologic features with clinical and histopathologic correlation. Radiology, 1998, 209(1): 221-228.
63. Soler R, Rodríguez E, Bello MJ, et al. Pancreatic Castleman’s disease: MR findings. Eur Radiol, 2003, 13 Suppl 4: L48-L50.

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CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Imaging findings of pancreatic hematologic malignancies

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