Progress on neoadjuvant chemotherapy for local advanced gastric cancer_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

DU Yong ^1,2 , LIU Lianghua ² , LIAO Hai ² ,  WEI Shoujiang ^1,2

1. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P. R. China;
2. North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

WEI Shoujiang, Email: nsmcwsj@163.com

Keywords：

local advanced gastric cancer; neoadjuvant chemotherapy; functional imaging

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.201904018

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To summarize advances of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in treatment for locally advanced gastric cancer (AGC) in recent years, in order to providing reference for development of NACT and application of clinical research.Method The domestic and foreign literatures about the NACT for the AGC were reviewed.Results The efficacy and safety of NACT had been affirmed, but there were still many questions in the clinical practice, such as the selection of NACT regimen, indications, number of chemotherapy cycles, whether to combine targeted therapy, the selection of treatment and restaging after the NACT, and relevant researches were still underway.Conclusions Therapy methods of AGC are varied and NACT has an obvious effect, which has become one of the most important treatments for AGC. However, there are still many problems in clinical practice, further research is needed.

Citation： DU Yong, LIU Lianghua, LIAO Hai, WEI Shoujiang. Progress on neoadjuvant chemotherapy for local advanced gastric cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2019, 26(11): 1385-1392. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.201904018 Copy

1.	Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018, 68(6): 394-424.
2.	王维琼. 2016年中国恶性肿瘤发病和死亡分析. 临床医药文献电子杂志, 2017, 4(19): 3604.
3.	Ajani JA, Bentrem DJ, Besh S, et al. Gastric cancer, version 2. 2013: featured updates to the NCCN Guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2013, 11(5): 531-546.
4.	Das M. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy: survival benefit in gastric cancer. Lancet Oncol, 2017, 18(6): e307.
5.	Hu Y, Hu D, Li W, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy brings more survival benefits than postoperative chemotherapy for resectable gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J BUON, 2019, 24(1): 201-214.
6.	Frei E 3rd. Clinical cancer research: an embattled species. Cancer, 1982, 50(10): 1979-1992.
7.	Wilke H, Preusser P, Fink U, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy in locally advanced and nonresectable gastric cancer: a phase Ⅱ study with etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. J Clin Oncol, 1989, 7(9): 1318-1326.
8.	Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med, 2006, 355(1): 11-20.
9.	Ychou M, Boige V, Pignon JP, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: an FNCLCC and FFCD multicenter phase Ⅲ trial. J Clin Oncol, 2011, 29(13): 1715-1721.
10.	Ajani JA, D'Amico TA, Almhanna K, et al. Gastric cancer, version 3. 2016, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2016, 14(10): 1286-1312.
11.	Schuhmacher C, Gretschel S, Lordick F, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for locally advanced cancer of the stomach and cardia: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer randomized trial 40954. J Clin Oncol, 2010, 28(35): 5210-5218.
12.	Gabriel E, Attwood K, Narayanan S, et al. Does neoadjuvant/ perioperative chemotherapy improve overall survival for T2N0 gastric adenocarcinoma? J Surg Oncol, 2018, 117(4): 659-670.
13.	杨娟, 燕速. 影响进展期胃癌新辅助化疗患者临床疗效的危险因素. 实用癌症杂志, 2017, 32(5): 770-772.
14.	赵国杰, 张赟鑫, 王博, 等. 不同分化程度局部进展期胃癌新辅助化疗效果对比分析. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2015, 22(4): 464-467.
15.	Terashima M, Iwasaki Y, Mizusawa J, et al. Randomized phase Ⅲ trialof gastrectomy with or without neoadjuvant S-1 plus cisplatin for type 4or large type 3 gastric cancer, the short-term safety and surgical results: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study (JCOG0501). Gastric Cancer, 2019 Mar 2. doi: 10.1007/s10120-019-00941-z.
16.	Kanaji S, Suzuki S, Matsuda Y, et al. Recent updates in perioperative chemotherapy and recurrence pattern of gastric cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg, 2018, 2(6): 400-405.
17.	Tsuburaya A, Mizusawa J, Tanaka Y, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 and cisplatin followed by D2 gastrectomy with para-aortic lymph node dissection for gastric cancer with extensive lymph node metastasis. Br J Surg, 2014, 101(6): 653-660.
18.	Kataoka K, Tokunaga M, Mizusawa J, et al. A randomized Phase II trial of systemic chemotherapy with and without trastuzumab followed by surgery in HER2-positive advanced gastric or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma with extensive lymph node metastasis: Japan Clinical Oncology Group study JCOG1301 (Trigger Study). Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2015, 45(11): 1082-1086.
19.	Ito S, Sano T, Mizusawa J, et al. A phase Ⅱ study of preoperative chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin, and S-1 followed by gastrectomy with D2 plus para-aortic lymph node dissection for gastric cancer with extensive lymph node metastasis: JCOG1002. Gastric Cancer, 2017, 20(2): 322-331.
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21.	Al-Batran S E, Homann N, Schmalenberg H, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy with docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and fluorouracil/leucovorin (FLOT) versus epirubicin, cisplatin, and fluorouracil or capecitabine (ECF/ECX) for resectable gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma (FLOT4-AIO): A multicenter, randomized phase 3 trial. J Clin Oncol, 2017, 35(15_suppl): 4004.
22.	National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines*): gastric cancer (Version 2. 2018). (2018-05-22)[2018-05-27]. www.nccn.org.
23.	Bose K, Franck C, Müller MN, et al. Perioperative therapy of oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma: mainstay and future directions. Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2017, 2017: 5651903.
24.	Alderson D, Cunningham D, Nankivell M, et al. Neoadjuvant cisplatin and fluorouracil versus epirubicin, cisplatin, and capecitabine followed by resection in patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (UK MRC OE05): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2017, 18(9): 1249-1260.
25.	Smyth EC, Verheij M, Allum W, et al. Gastric cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol, 2016, 27(suppl 5): v38-v49.
26.	Fukagawa T, Katai H, Mizusawa J, et al. A prospective multi-institutional validity study to evaluate the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of pathological stage Ⅲ gastric cancer (JCOG1302A). Gastric Cancer, 2018, 21(1): 68-73.
27.	Sasaki K, Onodera S, Otsuka K, et al. Validity of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin, and S-1 for resectable locally advanced gastric cancer. Med Oncol, 2017, 34(8): 139.
28.	Yoshikawa T, Morita S, Tanabe K, et al. Survival results of a randomised two-by-two factorial phase Ⅱ trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with two and four courses of S-1 plus cisplatin (SC) and paclitaxel plus cisplatin (PC) followed by D2 gastrectomy for resectable advanced gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer, 2016, 62: 103-111.
29.	Aoyama T, Nishikawa K, Fujitani K, et al. Early results of a randomized two-by-two factorial phase Ⅱ trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with two and four courses of cisplatin/S-1 and docetaxel/cisplatin/S-1 as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer. Ann Oncol, 2017, 28(8): 1876-1881.
30.	Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2010, 376(9742): 687-697.
31.	Hofheinz R, Hegewischbecker S, Thusspatience PC, et al. HER-FLOT: Trastuzumab in combination with FLOT as perioperative treatment for patients with HER2-positive locally advanced esophagogastric adenocarcinoma: A phase Ⅱ trial of the AIO Gastric Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 2014.
32.	Gong J, Liu T, Fan Q, et al. Optimal regimen of trastuzumab in combination with oxaliplatin/ capecitabine in first-line treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer (CGOG1001): a multicenter, phase Ⅱ trial. BMC Cancer, 2016, 16: 68.
33.	Cunningham D, Stenning SP, Smyth EC, et al. Peri-operative chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab in operable oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma (UK Medical Research Council ST03): primary analysis results of a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 2–3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2017, 18(3): 357-370.
34.	Shitara K, Kadowaki S, Nishina T, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetic, and clinical activity profiles of ramucirumab in combination with three platinum/fluoropyrimidine doublets in Japanese patients with chemotherapy-naïve metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer. Gastric Cancer, 2018, 21(1): 106-113.
35.	Roviello G, Ravelli A, Polom K, et al. Apatinib: A novel receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of gastric cancer. Cancer Lett, 2016, 372(2): 187-191.
36.	Lorenzen S, Riera Knorrenschild J, Haag GM, et al. Lapatinib versus lapatinib plus capecitabine as second-line treatment in human epidermalgrowth factor receptor 2-amplified metastatic gastro-oesophageal cancer: a randomised phase Ⅱ trial of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie. Eur J Cancer, 2015, 51(5): 569-576.
37.	Lordick F, Kang YK, Chung HC, et al. Capecitabine and cisplatin with or without cetuximab for patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer (EXPAND): a randomised, open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2013, 14(6): 490-499.
38.	Tebbutt NC, Price TJ, Ferraro DA, et al. Panitumumab added to docetaxel, cisplatin and fluoropyrimidine in oesophagogastric cancer: ATTAX3 phase Ⅱ trial. Br J Cancer, 2016, 114(5): 505-509.
39.	Kondoh C, Kadowaki S, Komori A, et al. Salvage chemotherapy with the combination of oxaliplatin, leucovorin, and 5-fluorouracil in advanced gastric cancer refractory or intolerant to fluoropyrimidines, platinum, taxanes, and irinotecan. Gastric Cancer, 2018, 21(6): 1050-1057.
40.	Fuchs CS, Doi T, Jang RW, et al. Safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab monotherapy in patients with previously treated advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction vancer: phase 2 clinical KEYNOTE-059 trial. JAMA Oncol, 2018, 4(5): e180013.
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44.	Guo T, Yao F, Yang AM, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound in restaging and predicting pathological response for advanced gastric cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol, 2014, 10(2): e28-e32.
45.	Yonemura Y, Kinoshita K, Fujimura T, et al. Correlation of the histological effects and survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy on gastric cancer patients. Hepatogastroenterology, 1996, 43(11): 1260-1272.
46.	Becker K, Mueller JD, Schulmacher C, et al. Histomorphology and grading of regression in gastric carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer, 2003, 98(7): 1521-1530.
47.	Redondo-Cerezo E, Martínez-Cara JG, Jiménez-Rosales R, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound in gastric cancer staging before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A comparison with PET-CT in a clinical series. United European Gastroenterol J, 2017, 5(5): 641-647.
48.	Marcus CD, Ladam-Marcus V, Cucu C, et al. Imaging techniques to evaluate the response to treatment in oncology: current standards and perspectives. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2009, 72(3): 217-238.
49.	Lee DH, Kim SH, Joo I, et al. CT Perfusion evaluation of gastric cancer: correlation with histologic type. Eur Radiol, 2018, 28(2): 487-495.
50.	Park S, Ha S, Kwon HW, et al. Prospective evaluation of changes in tumor size and tumor metabolism in patients with advanced gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy: association and clinical implication. J Nucl Med, 2017, 58(6): 899-904.
51.	Cheng J, Wang Y, Zhang CF, et al. Chemotherapy response evaluation in a mouse model of gastric cancer using intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted MRI and histopathology. World J Gastroenterol, 2017, 23(11): 1990-2001.
52.	Kruk-Bachonko J, Krupski W, Czechowski M, et al. Perfusion CT—A novel quantitative and qualitative imaging biomarker in gastric cancer. Eur J Radiol, 2017, 95: 399-408.
53.	Liang JX, Bi XJ, Li XM, et al. Evaluation of multislice spiral computed tomography perfusion imaging for the efficacy of preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy in middle-aged and elderly patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. Med Sci Monit, 2018, 24: 235-245.
54.	Djuric-Stefanovic A, Micev M, Stojanovic-Rundic S, et al. Absolute CT perfusion parameter values after the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy of the squamous cell esophageal carcinoma correlate with the histopathologic tumor regression grade. Eur J Radiol, 2015, 84(12): 2477-2484.
55.	Ott K, Weber WA, Lordick F, et al. Metabolic imaging predicts response, survival, and recurrence in adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(29): 4692-4698.
56.	Malibari N, Hickeson M, Lisbona R. PET/computed tomography in the diagnosis and staging of gastric cancers. PET Clin, 2015, 10(3): 311-326.
57.	Giganti F, Tang L, Baba H. Gastric cancer and imaging biomarkers: Part 1—a critical review of DW-MRI and CE-MDCT findings. Eur Radiol, 2019, 29(4): 1743-1753.
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1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018, 68(6): 394-424.
2. 王维琼. 2016年中国恶性肿瘤发病和死亡分析. 临床医药文献电子杂志, 2017, 4(19): 3604.
3. Ajani JA, Bentrem DJ, Besh S, et al. Gastric cancer, version 2. 2013: featured updates to the NCCN Guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2013, 11(5): 531-546.
4. Das M. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy: survival benefit in gastric cancer. Lancet Oncol, 2017, 18(6): e307.
5. Hu Y, Hu D, Li W, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy brings more survival benefits than postoperative chemotherapy for resectable gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J BUON, 2019, 24(1): 201-214.
6. Frei E 3rd. Clinical cancer research: an embattled species. Cancer, 1982, 50(10): 1979-1992.
7. Wilke H, Preusser P, Fink U, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy in locally advanced and nonresectable gastric cancer: a phase Ⅱ study with etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. J Clin Oncol, 1989, 7(9): 1318-1326.
8. Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med, 2006, 355(1): 11-20.
9. Ychou M, Boige V, Pignon JP, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: an FNCLCC and FFCD multicenter phase Ⅲ trial. J Clin Oncol, 2011, 29(13): 1715-1721.
10. Ajani JA, D'Amico TA, Almhanna K, et al. Gastric cancer, version 3. 2016, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2016, 14(10): 1286-1312.
11. Schuhmacher C, Gretschel S, Lordick F, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for locally advanced cancer of the stomach and cardia: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer randomized trial 40954. J Clin Oncol, 2010, 28(35): 5210-5218.
12. Gabriel E, Attwood K, Narayanan S, et al. Does neoadjuvant/ perioperative chemotherapy improve overall survival for T2N0 gastric adenocarcinoma? J Surg Oncol, 2018, 117(4): 659-670.
13. 杨娟, 燕速. 影响进展期胃癌新辅助化疗患者临床疗效的危险因素. 实用癌症杂志, 2017, 32(5): 770-772.
14. 赵国杰, 张赟鑫, 王博, 等. 不同分化程度局部进展期胃癌新辅助化疗效果对比分析. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2015, 22(4): 464-467.
15. Terashima M, Iwasaki Y, Mizusawa J, et al. Randomized phase Ⅲ trialof gastrectomy with or without neoadjuvant S-1 plus cisplatin for type 4or large type 3 gastric cancer, the short-term safety and surgical results: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study (JCOG0501). Gastric Cancer, 2019 Mar 2. doi: 10.1007/s10120-019-00941-z.
16. Kanaji S, Suzuki S, Matsuda Y, et al. Recent updates in perioperative chemotherapy and recurrence pattern of gastric cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg, 2018, 2(6): 400-405.
17. Tsuburaya A, Mizusawa J, Tanaka Y, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 and cisplatin followed by D2 gastrectomy with para-aortic lymph node dissection for gastric cancer with extensive lymph node metastasis. Br J Surg, 2014, 101(6): 653-660.
18. Kataoka K, Tokunaga M, Mizusawa J, et al. A randomized Phase II trial of systemic chemotherapy with and without trastuzumab followed by surgery in HER2-positive advanced gastric or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma with extensive lymph node metastasis: Japan Clinical Oncology Group study JCOG1301 (Trigger Study). Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2015, 45(11): 1082-1086.
19. Ito S, Sano T, Mizusawa J, et al. A phase Ⅱ study of preoperative chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin, and S-1 followed by gastrectomy with D2 plus para-aortic lymph node dissection for gastric cancer with extensive lymph node metastasis: JCOG1002. Gastric Cancer, 2017, 20(2): 322-331.
20. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2014 (ver. 4). Gastric Cancer, 2017, 20(1): 1-19.
21. Al-Batran S E, Homann N, Schmalenberg H, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy with docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and fluorouracil/leucovorin (FLOT) versus epirubicin, cisplatin, and fluorouracil or capecitabine (ECF/ECX) for resectable gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma (FLOT4-AIO): A multicenter, randomized phase 3 trial. J Clin Oncol, 2017, 35(15_suppl): 4004.
22. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines*): gastric cancer (Version 2. 2018). (2018-05-22)[2018-05-27]. www.nccn.org.
23. Bose K, Franck C, Müller MN, et al. Perioperative therapy of oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma: mainstay and future directions. Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2017, 2017: 5651903.
24. Alderson D, Cunningham D, Nankivell M, et al. Neoadjuvant cisplatin and fluorouracil versus epirubicin, cisplatin, and capecitabine followed by resection in patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (UK MRC OE05): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2017, 18(9): 1249-1260.
25. Smyth EC, Verheij M, Allum W, et al. Gastric cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol, 2016, 27(suppl 5): v38-v49.
26. Fukagawa T, Katai H, Mizusawa J, et al. A prospective multi-institutional validity study to evaluate the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of pathological stage Ⅲ gastric cancer (JCOG1302A). Gastric Cancer, 2018, 21(1): 68-73.
27. Sasaki K, Onodera S, Otsuka K, et al. Validity of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin, and S-1 for resectable locally advanced gastric cancer. Med Oncol, 2017, 34(8): 139.
28. Yoshikawa T, Morita S, Tanabe K, et al. Survival results of a randomised two-by-two factorial phase Ⅱ trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with two and four courses of S-1 plus cisplatin (SC) and paclitaxel plus cisplatin (PC) followed by D2 gastrectomy for resectable advanced gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer, 2016, 62: 103-111.
29. Aoyama T, Nishikawa K, Fujitani K, et al. Early results of a randomized two-by-two factorial phase Ⅱ trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with two and four courses of cisplatin/S-1 and docetaxel/cisplatin/S-1 as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer. Ann Oncol, 2017, 28(8): 1876-1881.
30. Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2010, 376(9742): 687-697.
31. Hofheinz R, Hegewischbecker S, Thusspatience PC, et al. HER-FLOT: Trastuzumab in combination with FLOT as perioperative treatment for patients with HER2-positive locally advanced esophagogastric adenocarcinoma: A phase Ⅱ trial of the AIO Gastric Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 2014.
32. Gong J, Liu T, Fan Q, et al. Optimal regimen of trastuzumab in combination with oxaliplatin/ capecitabine in first-line treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer (CGOG1001): a multicenter, phase Ⅱ trial. BMC Cancer, 2016, 16: 68.
33. Cunningham D, Stenning SP, Smyth EC, et al. Peri-operative chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab in operable oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma (UK Medical Research Council ST03): primary analysis results of a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 2–3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2017, 18(3): 357-370.
34. Shitara K, Kadowaki S, Nishina T, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetic, and clinical activity profiles of ramucirumab in combination with three platinum/fluoropyrimidine doublets in Japanese patients with chemotherapy-naïve metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer. Gastric Cancer, 2018, 21(1): 106-113.
35. Roviello G, Ravelli A, Polom K, et al. Apatinib: A novel receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of gastric cancer. Cancer Lett, 2016, 372(2): 187-191.
36. Lorenzen S, Riera Knorrenschild J, Haag GM, et al. Lapatinib versus lapatinib plus capecitabine as second-line treatment in human epidermalgrowth factor receptor 2-amplified metastatic gastro-oesophageal cancer: a randomised phase Ⅱ trial of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie. Eur J Cancer, 2015, 51(5): 569-576.
37. Lordick F, Kang YK, Chung HC, et al. Capecitabine and cisplatin with or without cetuximab for patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer (EXPAND): a randomised, open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2013, 14(6): 490-499.
38. Tebbutt NC, Price TJ, Ferraro DA, et al. Panitumumab added to docetaxel, cisplatin and fluoropyrimidine in oesophagogastric cancer: ATTAX3 phase Ⅱ trial. Br J Cancer, 2016, 114(5): 505-509.
39. Kondoh C, Kadowaki S, Komori A, et al. Salvage chemotherapy with the combination of oxaliplatin, leucovorin, and 5-fluorouracil in advanced gastric cancer refractory or intolerant to fluoropyrimidines, platinum, taxanes, and irinotecan. Gastric Cancer, 2018, 21(6): 1050-1057.
40. Fuchs CS, Doi T, Jang RW, et al. Safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab monotherapy in patients with previously treated advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction vancer: phase 2 clinical KEYNOTE-059 trial. JAMA Oncol, 2018, 4(5): e180013.
41. Apicella M, Corso S, Giordano S. Targeted therapies for gastric cancer: failures and hopes from clinical trials. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(34): 57654-57669.
42. 刘丹, 伍兵. 胃癌影像学的研究进展. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2018, 25(9): 1124-1129.
43. Yoshikawa T, Tanabe K, Nishikawa K, et al. Accuracy of CT staging of locally advanced gastric cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: cohort evaluation within a randomized phase Ⅱ study. Ann Surg Oncol, 2014, 21(Suppl 3): S385-S389.
44. Guo T, Yao F, Yang AM, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound in restaging and predicting pathological response for advanced gastric cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol, 2014, 10(2): e28-e32.
45. Yonemura Y, Kinoshita K, Fujimura T, et al. Correlation of the histological effects and survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy on gastric cancer patients. Hepatogastroenterology, 1996, 43(11): 1260-1272.
46. Becker K, Mueller JD, Schulmacher C, et al. Histomorphology and grading of regression in gastric carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer, 2003, 98(7): 1521-1530.
47. Redondo-Cerezo E, Martínez-Cara JG, Jiménez-Rosales R, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound in gastric cancer staging before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A comparison with PET-CT in a clinical series. United European Gastroenterol J, 2017, 5(5): 641-647.
48. Marcus CD, Ladam-Marcus V, Cucu C, et al. Imaging techniques to evaluate the response to treatment in oncology: current standards and perspectives. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2009, 72(3): 217-238.
49. Lee DH, Kim SH, Joo I, et al. CT Perfusion evaluation of gastric cancer: correlation with histologic type. Eur Radiol, 2018, 28(2): 487-495.
50. Park S, Ha S, Kwon HW, et al. Prospective evaluation of changes in tumor size and tumor metabolism in patients with advanced gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy: association and clinical implication. J Nucl Med, 2017, 58(6): 899-904.
51. Cheng J, Wang Y, Zhang CF, et al. Chemotherapy response evaluation in a mouse model of gastric cancer using intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted MRI and histopathology. World J Gastroenterol, 2017, 23(11): 1990-2001.
52. Kruk-Bachonko J, Krupski W, Czechowski M, et al. Perfusion CT—A novel quantitative and qualitative imaging biomarker in gastric cancer. Eur J Radiol, 2017, 95: 399-408.
53. Liang JX, Bi XJ, Li XM, et al. Evaluation of multislice spiral computed tomography perfusion imaging for the efficacy of preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy in middle-aged and elderly patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. Med Sci Monit, 2018, 24: 235-245.
54. Djuric-Stefanovic A, Micev M, Stojanovic-Rundic S, et al. Absolute CT perfusion parameter values after the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy of the squamous cell esophageal carcinoma correlate with the histopathologic tumor regression grade. Eur J Radiol, 2015, 84(12): 2477-2484.
55. Ott K, Weber WA, Lordick F, et al. Metabolic imaging predicts response, survival, and recurrence in adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(29): 4692-4698.
56. Malibari N, Hickeson M, Lisbona R. PET/computed tomography in the diagnosis and staging of gastric cancers. PET Clin, 2015, 10(3): 311-326.
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