Interpretation of update points on American Diabetes Association promulgated Standards of Care in Diabetes (2024)_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

 WANG Bing , YAN Tong , WANG Han , LIU Yanjun

Departmen of General Surgery, Gastrointestinal Minimally Invasive Center· Center for Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Chengdu Third People’s Hospital; Obesity and Metabolism Medical and Industrial Integration Laboratory; School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

WANG Bing, Email: wangbing@cdu.edu.cn

Keywords：

diabetes mellitus; blood glucose monitoring; diagnosis; drug therapy; guide interpretation

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202403015

Video：

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On December 11, 2023, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) promulgated the Standards of Care in Diabetes (2024). For a long time, the ADA promulgated the Standards of Care in Diabetes had been regarded as the international guide in the field of diabetes, which has a great reference value for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes in various countries. The new standard continues to emphasize the transformation of the diagnosis and treatment model from the glucose reduction to the patients, highlighting the importance of reasonable control of glucose, weight management, and improvement of cardiac and renal prognosis as the comprehensive management of diabetes patients, meanwhile continues to affirm the advantages of new hypoglycemic drugs such as glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist and metabolic surgery in the comprehensive management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Citation： WANG Bing, YAN Tong, WANG Han, LIU Yanjun. Interpretation of update points on American Diabetes Association promulgated Standards of Care in Diabetes (2024). CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2024, 31(4): 421-426. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202403015 Copy

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2.	Mansi IA, Sumithran P, Kinaan M. Risk of diabetes with statins. BMJ, 2023, 381: e071727. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071727.
3.	Eckhardt BJ, Holzman RS, Kwan CK, et al. Glycated hemoglobin A_1c as screening for diabetes mellitus in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 2012, 26(4): 197-201.
4.	American Diabetes Association. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2004, 27(2): 596-601.
5.	Monroe AK, Glesby MJ, Brown TT. Diagnosing and managing diabetes in HIV-infected patients: current concepts. Clin Infect Dis, 2015, 60(3): 453-462.
6.	ADA. Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care, 2024, 47(Suppl 1): S1-S321.
7.	Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA, 2022, 327(6): 566-577.
8.	Kiernan E, Click ES, Melstrom P, et al. A brief overview of the national outbreak of E-cigarette, or vaping, product use—Associated lung injury and the primary causes. Chest, 2021, 159(1): 426-431.
9.	Anderson BO, Berdzuli N, Ilbawi A, et al. Health and cancer risks associated with low levels of alcohol consumption. Lancet Public Health, 2023, 8(1): e6-e7. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00317-6.
10.	Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation, 2019, 140(11): e596-e646. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678.
11.	Mohammad Rahimi GR, Aminzadeh R, Azimkhani A, et al. The effect of exercise interventions to improve psychosocial aspects and glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biol Res Nurs, 2022, 24(1): 10-23.
12.	Kanaley JA, Colberg SR, Corcoran MH, et al. Exercise/physical activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2022, 54(2): 353-368.
13.	Klein S, Gastaldelli A, Yki-Järvinen H, et al. Why does obesity cause diabetes?. Cell Metab, 2022, 34(1): 11-20.
14.	Lean ME, Leslie WS, Barnes AC, et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet, 2018, 391(10120): 541-551.
15.	Rubino F, Batterham RL, Koch M, et al. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology Commission on the definition and diagnosis of clinical obesity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2023, 11(4): 226-228.
16.	Wadden TA, Tronieri JS, Butryn ML. Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults. Am Psychol, 2020, 75(2): 235-251.
17.	Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med, 2022, 387(3): 205-216.
18.	Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2023, 402(10402): 613-626.
19.	Eisenberg D, Shikora SA, Aarts E, et al. 2022 American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) indications for metabolic and bariatric surgery. Obes Surg, 2023, 33(1): 3-14.
20.	Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med, 2007, 357(8): 741-752.
21.	Arterburn DE, Olsen MK, Smith VA, et al. Association between bariatric surgery and long-term survival. JAMA, 2015, 313(1): 62-70.
22.	Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP, et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes—5-year outcomes. N Engl J Med, 2017, 376(7): 641-651.
23.	Courcoulas AP, King WC, Belle SH, et al. Seven-year weight trajectories and health outcomes in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) Study. JAMA Surg, 2018, 153(5): 427-434.
24.	Birkmeyer JD, Finks JF, O’Reilly A, et al. Surgical skill and complication rates after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med, 2013, 369(15): 1434-1442.
25.	Batsis JA, Apolzan JW, Bagley PJ, et al. A systematic review of dietary supplements and alternative therapies for weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2021, 29(7): 1102-1113.
26.	Mechanick JI, Apovian C, Brethauer S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutrition, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of patients undergoing bariatric procedures—2019 update: Cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology, the Obesity Society, American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Obesity Medicine Association, and American Society of Anesthesiologists—Executive summary. Endocr Pract, 2019, 25(12): 1346-1359.
27.	Sheehan A, Patti ME. Hypoglycemia after upper gastrointestinal surgery: clinical approach to assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes, 2020, 13: 4469-4482.
28.	Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, et al. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 2001, 345(12): 870-878.
29.	Mauer M, Zinman B, Gardiner R, et al. Renal and retinal effects of enalapril and losartan in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 2009, 361(1): 40-51.
30.	Qiao Y, Shin JI, Chen TK, et al. Association between renin-angiotensin system blockade discontinuation and all-cause mortality among persons with low estimated glomerular filtration rate. JAMA Intern Med, 2020, 180(5): 718-726.
31.	de Boer IH, Khunti K, Sadusky T, et al. Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Diabetes Care, 2022, 45(12): 3075-3090.
32.	Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1994, 330(13): 877-884.
33.	Herold KC, Bundy BN, Long SA, et al. An anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 2019, 381(7): 603-613.
34.	Sims EK, Bundy BN, Stier K, et al. Teplizumab improves and stabilizes beta cell function in antibody-positive high-risk individuals. Sci Transl Med, 2021, 13(583): eabc8980. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc8980.
35.	Chen X, Affinati AH, Lee Y, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and risk of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2022, 45(5): 1170-1176.
36.	Wang Y, Guo H, Wang G, et al. COVID-19 as a trigger for type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2023, 108(9): 2176-2183.
37.	Bornstein SR, Rubino F, Khunti K, et al. Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2020, 8(6): 546-550.
38.	Bode BW, McGill JB, Lorber DL, et al. Inhaled technosphere insulin compared with injected prandial insulin in type 1 diabetes: a randomized 24-week trial. Diabetes Care, 2015, 38(12): 2266-2273.
39.	Elbalshy M, Haszard J, Smith H, et al. Effect of divergent continuous glucose monitoring technologies on glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Diabet Med, 2022, 39(8): e14854. doi: 10.1111/dme.14854.
40.	Champakanath A, Akturk HK, Alonso GT, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring initiation within first year of type 1 diabetes diagnosis is associated with improved glycemic outcomes: 7-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care, 2022, 45(3): 750-753.

1. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Summary of revisions: Standards of care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care, 2024, 47(Supplement_1): S5-S10. doi: 10.2337/dc24-SREV.
2. Mansi IA, Sumithran P, Kinaan M. Risk of diabetes with statins. BMJ, 2023, 381: e071727. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071727.
3. Eckhardt BJ, Holzman RS, Kwan CK, et al. Glycated hemoglobin A_1c as screening for diabetes mellitus in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 2012, 26(4): 197-201.
4. American Diabetes Association. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2004, 27(2): 596-601.
5. Monroe AK, Glesby MJ, Brown TT. Diagnosing and managing diabetes in HIV-infected patients: current concepts. Clin Infect Dis, 2015, 60(3): 453-462.
6. ADA. Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care, 2024, 47(Suppl 1): S1-S321.
7. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA, 2022, 327(6): 566-577.
8. Kiernan E, Click ES, Melstrom P, et al. A brief overview of the national outbreak of E-cigarette, or vaping, product use—Associated lung injury and the primary causes. Chest, 2021, 159(1): 426-431.
9. Anderson BO, Berdzuli N, Ilbawi A, et al. Health and cancer risks associated with low levels of alcohol consumption. Lancet Public Health, 2023, 8(1): e6-e7. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00317-6.
10. Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation, 2019, 140(11): e596-e646. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678.
11. Mohammad Rahimi GR, Aminzadeh R, Azimkhani A, et al. The effect of exercise interventions to improve psychosocial aspects and glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biol Res Nurs, 2022, 24(1): 10-23.
12. Kanaley JA, Colberg SR, Corcoran MH, et al. Exercise/physical activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2022, 54(2): 353-368.
13. Klein S, Gastaldelli A, Yki-Järvinen H, et al. Why does obesity cause diabetes?. Cell Metab, 2022, 34(1): 11-20.
14. Lean ME, Leslie WS, Barnes AC, et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet, 2018, 391(10120): 541-551.
15. Rubino F, Batterham RL, Koch M, et al. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology Commission on the definition and diagnosis of clinical obesity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2023, 11(4): 226-228.
16. Wadden TA, Tronieri JS, Butryn ML. Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults. Am Psychol, 2020, 75(2): 235-251.
17. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med, 2022, 387(3): 205-216.
18. Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2023, 402(10402): 613-626.
19. Eisenberg D, Shikora SA, Aarts E, et al. 2022 American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) indications for metabolic and bariatric surgery. Obes Surg, 2023, 33(1): 3-14.
20. Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med, 2007, 357(8): 741-752.
21. Arterburn DE, Olsen MK, Smith VA, et al. Association between bariatric surgery and long-term survival. JAMA, 2015, 313(1): 62-70.
22. Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP, et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes—5-year outcomes. N Engl J Med, 2017, 376(7): 641-651.
23. Courcoulas AP, King WC, Belle SH, et al. Seven-year weight trajectories and health outcomes in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) Study. JAMA Surg, 2018, 153(5): 427-434.
24. Birkmeyer JD, Finks JF, O’Reilly A, et al. Surgical skill and complication rates after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med, 2013, 369(15): 1434-1442.
25. Batsis JA, Apolzan JW, Bagley PJ, et al. A systematic review of dietary supplements and alternative therapies for weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2021, 29(7): 1102-1113.
26. Mechanick JI, Apovian C, Brethauer S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutrition, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of patients undergoing bariatric procedures—2019 update: Cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology, the Obesity Society, American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Obesity Medicine Association, and American Society of Anesthesiologists—Executive summary. Endocr Pract, 2019, 25(12): 1346-1359.
27. Sheehan A, Patti ME. Hypoglycemia after upper gastrointestinal surgery: clinical approach to assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes, 2020, 13: 4469-4482.
28. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, et al. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 2001, 345(12): 870-878.
29. Mauer M, Zinman B, Gardiner R, et al. Renal and retinal effects of enalapril and losartan in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 2009, 361(1): 40-51.
30. Qiao Y, Shin JI, Chen TK, et al. Association between renin-angiotensin system blockade discontinuation and all-cause mortality among persons with low estimated glomerular filtration rate. JAMA Intern Med, 2020, 180(5): 718-726.
31. de Boer IH, Khunti K, Sadusky T, et al. Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Diabetes Care, 2022, 45(12): 3075-3090.
32. Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1994, 330(13): 877-884.
33. Herold KC, Bundy BN, Long SA, et al. An anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 2019, 381(7): 603-613.
34. Sims EK, Bundy BN, Stier K, et al. Teplizumab improves and stabilizes beta cell function in antibody-positive high-risk individuals. Sci Transl Med, 2021, 13(583): eabc8980. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc8980.
35. Chen X, Affinati AH, Lee Y, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and risk of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2022, 45(5): 1170-1176.
36. Wang Y, Guo H, Wang G, et al. COVID-19 as a trigger for type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2023, 108(9): 2176-2183.
37. Bornstein SR, Rubino F, Khunti K, et al. Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2020, 8(6): 546-550.
38. Bode BW, McGill JB, Lorber DL, et al. Inhaled technosphere insulin compared with injected prandial insulin in type 1 diabetes: a randomized 24-week trial. Diabetes Care, 2015, 38(12): 2266-2273.
39. Elbalshy M, Haszard J, Smith H, et al. Effect of divergent continuous glucose monitoring technologies on glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Diabet Med, 2022, 39(8): e14854. doi: 10.1111/dme.14854.
40. Champakanath A, Akturk HK, Alonso GT, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring initiation within first year of type 1 diabetes diagnosis is associated with improved glycemic outcomes: 7-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care, 2022, 45(3): 750-753.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Interpretation of update points on American Diabetes Association promulgated Standards of Care in Diabetes (2024)

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