电子烟作为戒烟替代手段的安全性和有效性_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

郭欣宁 ,  刘春涛

四川大学华西医院呼吸与危重症医学科（四川成都 610041）;

Corresponding author：

刘春涛, Email: taosen666@vip.163.com

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202005079

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Citation： 郭欣宁, 刘春涛. 电子烟作为戒烟替代手段的安全性和有效性. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2021, 20(4): 299-304. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202005079 Copy

1.	Hoffmann D, Hoffmann I, El-Bayoumy K. The less harmful cigarette: a controversial issue. a tribute to Ernst L. Wynder. Chem Res Toxicol, 2001, 14(7): 767-790.
2.	Tønnesen P, Carrozzi L, Fagerström KO, et al. Smoking cessation in patients with respiratory diseases: a high priority, integral component of therapy. Eur Respir J, 2007, 29(2): 390-417.
3.	Owusu D, Huang J, Weaver SR, et al. Patterns and trends of dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes among U.S. adults, 2015-2018. Prev Med Rep, 2019, 16: 101009.
4.	Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, et al. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control, 2014, 23(2): 133-139.
5.	Martínez Ú, Martínez-Loredo V, Simmons VN, et al. How does smoking and nicotine dependence change after onset of vaping? A retrospective analysis of dual users. Nicotine Tob Res, 2020, 22(5): 764-770.
6.	Geiss O, Bianchi I, Barrero-Moreno J. Correlation of volatile carbonyl yields emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the heating coil and the perceived sensorial quality of the generated vapours. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 2016, 219(3): 268-277.
7.	Klager S, Vallarino J, MacNaughton P, et al. Flavoring chemicals and aldehydes in e-cigarette emissions. Environ Sci Technol, 2017, 51(18): 10806-10813.
8.	Khlystov A, Samburova V. Flavoring compounds dominate toxic aldehyde production during e-cigarette vaping. Environ Sci Technol, 2016, 50(23): 13080-13085.
9.	Farsalinos KE, Voudris V. Do flavouring compounds contribute to aldehyde emissions in e-cigarettes?. Food Chem Toxicol, 2018, 115: 212-217.
10.	Biener L, Hargraves JL. A longitudinal study of electronic cigarette use among a population-based sample of adult smokers: association with smoking cessation and motivation to quit. Nicotine Tob Res, 2015, 17(2): 127-133.
11.	Brose LS, Hitchman SC, Brown J, et al. Is the use of electronic cigarettes while smoking associated with smoking cessation attempts, cessation and reduced cigarette consumption? A survey with a 1-year follow-up. Addiction, 2015, 110(7): 1160-1168.
12.	Kalkhoran S, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med, 2016, 4(2): 116-128.
13.	Kulik MC, Lisha NE, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes associated with depressed smoking cessation: a cross-sectional study of 28 European Union Countries. Am J Prev Med, 2018, 54(4): 603-609.
14.	Yong HH, Hitchman SC, Cummings KM, et al. Does the regulatory environment for e-cigarettes influence the effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation?: Longitudinal findings from the ITC four country Survey. Nicotine Tob Res, 2017, 19(11): 1268-1276.
15.	Hajek P, Phillips-Waller A, Przulj D, et al. A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(7): 629-637.
16.	McAuley TR, Hopke PK, Zhao J, et al. Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality. Inhal Toxicol, 2012, 24(12): 850-857.
17.	Kuschner WG, Reddy S, Mehrotra N, et al. Electronic cigarettes and thirdhand tobacco smoke: two emerging health care challenges for the primary care provider. Int J Gen Med, 2011, 4: 115-120.
18.	Hua M, Alfi M, Talbot P. Health-related effects reported by electronic cigarette users in online forums. J Med Internet Res, 2013, 15(4): e59.
19.	McCauley L, Markin C, Hosmer D. An unexpected consequence of electronic cigarette use. Chest, 2012, 141(4): 1110-1113.
20.	Thota D, Latham E. Case report of electronic cigarettes possibly associated with eosinophilic pneumonitis in a previously healthy active-duty sailor. J Emerg Med, 2014, 47(1): 15-17.
21.	Agustin M, Yamamoto M, Cabrera F, et al. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage induced by vaping. Case Rep Pulmonol, 2018, 2018: 9724530.
22.	Sommerfeld CG, Weiner DJ, Nowalk A, et al. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome from e-cigarette use. Pediatrics, 2018, 141(6): e20163927.
23.	Welz C, Canis M, Schwenk-Zieger S, et al. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of electronic cigarette liquids on human mucosal tissue cultures of the oropharynx. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 2016, 35(4): 343-354.
24.	Misra M, Leverette RD, Cooper BT, et al. Comparative in vitro toxicity profile of electronic and tobacco cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and nicotine replacement therapy products: e-liquids, extracts and collected aerosols. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2014, 11(11): 11325-11347.
25.	Behar RZ, Wang Y, Talbot P. Comparing the cytotoxicity of electronic cigarette fluids, aerosols and solvents. Tob Control, 2018, 27(3): 325-333.
26.	Husari A, Shihadeh A, Talih S, et al. Acute exposure to electronic and combustible cigarette aerosols: effects in an animal model and in human alveolar cells. Nicotine Tob Res, 2016, 18(5): 613-619.
27.	Scott A, Lugg ST, Aldridge K, et al. Pro-inflammatory effects of e-cigarette vapour condensate on human alveolar macrophages. Thorax, 2018, 73(12): 1161-1169.
28.	Ween MP, Whittall JJ, Hamon R, et al. Phagocytosis and inflammation: exploring the effects of the components of e-cigarette vapor on macrophages. Physiol Rep, 2017, 5(16): e13370.
29.	Martin EM, Clapp PW, Rebuli ME, et al. E-cigarette use results in suppression of immune and inflammatory-response genes in nasal epithelial cells similar to cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2016, 311(1): L135-L144.
30.	Sussan TE, Gajghate S, Thimmulappa RK, et al. Exposure to electronic cigarettes impairs pulmonary anti-bacterial and anti-viral defenses in a mouse model. PLoS One, 2015, 10(2): e0116861.
31.	Aufderheide M, Emura M. Phenotypical changes in a differentiating immortalized bronchial epithelial cell line after exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke and e-cigarette vapor. Exp Toxicol Pathol, 2017, 69(6): 393-401.
32.	Garcia-Arcos I, Geraghty P, Baumlin N, et al. Chronic electronic cigarette exposure in mice induces features of COPD in a nicotine-dependent manner. Thorax, 2016, 71(12): 1119-1129.
33.	Reidel B, Radicioni G, Clapp PW, et al. E-cigarette use causes a unique innateimmune response in the lung, involving increased neutrophilic activation and altered mucin secretion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, 197(4): 492-501.
34.	Perrine CG, Pickens CM, Boehmer TK, et al. Characteristics of a multistate outbreak of lung injury associated with e-cigarette use, or vaping - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2019, 68(39): 860-864.
35.	Blagev DP, Harris D, Dunn AC, et al. Clinical presentation, treatment, and short-term outcomes of lung injury associated with e-cigarettes or vaping: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet, 2019, 394(10214): 2073-2083.
36.	Balmes JR. Reply to Eissenberg and Maziak: Are electronic cigarette users at risk for lipid-mediated lung injury?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020, 201(8): 1013-1014.
37.	Butt YM, Smith ML, Tazelaar HD, et al. Pathology of vaping-associated lung injury. N Engl J Med, 2019, 381(18): 1780-1781.
38.	Polosa R, Morjaria JB, Caponnetto P, et al. Evidence for harm reduction in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes. Respir Res, 2016, 17(1): 166.
39.	Flouris AD, Chorti MS, Poulianiti KP, et al. Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhal Toxicol, 2013, 25(2): 91-101.
40.	Meo SA, Ansary MA, Barayan FR, et al. Electronic cigarettes: impact on lung function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide among healthy adults. Am J Mens Health, 2019, 13(1): 1557988318806073.
41.	Tsai J, Walton K, Coleman BN, et al. Reasons for electronic cigarette use among middle and high school students - National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2018, 67(6): 196-200.
42.	Cullen KA, Liu ST, Bernat JK, et al. Flavored tobacco product use among middle and high school students - United States, 2014-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2019, 68(39): 839-844.

1. Hoffmann D, Hoffmann I, El-Bayoumy K. The less harmful cigarette: a controversial issue. a tribute to Ernst L. Wynder. Chem Res Toxicol, 2001, 14(7): 767-790.
2. Tønnesen P, Carrozzi L, Fagerström KO, et al. Smoking cessation in patients with respiratory diseases: a high priority, integral component of therapy. Eur Respir J, 2007, 29(2): 390-417.
3. Owusu D, Huang J, Weaver SR, et al. Patterns and trends of dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes among U.S. adults, 2015-2018. Prev Med Rep, 2019, 16: 101009.
4. Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, et al. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control, 2014, 23(2): 133-139.
5. Martínez Ú, Martínez-Loredo V, Simmons VN, et al. How does smoking and nicotine dependence change after onset of vaping? A retrospective analysis of dual users. Nicotine Tob Res, 2020, 22(5): 764-770.
6. Geiss O, Bianchi I, Barrero-Moreno J. Correlation of volatile carbonyl yields emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the heating coil and the perceived sensorial quality of the generated vapours. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 2016, 219(3): 268-277.
7. Klager S, Vallarino J, MacNaughton P, et al. Flavoring chemicals and aldehydes in e-cigarette emissions. Environ Sci Technol, 2017, 51(18): 10806-10813.
8. Khlystov A, Samburova V. Flavoring compounds dominate toxic aldehyde production during e-cigarette vaping. Environ Sci Technol, 2016, 50(23): 13080-13085.
9. Farsalinos KE, Voudris V. Do flavouring compounds contribute to aldehyde emissions in e-cigarettes?. Food Chem Toxicol, 2018, 115: 212-217.
10. Biener L, Hargraves JL. A longitudinal study of electronic cigarette use among a population-based sample of adult smokers: association with smoking cessation and motivation to quit. Nicotine Tob Res, 2015, 17(2): 127-133.
11. Brose LS, Hitchman SC, Brown J, et al. Is the use of electronic cigarettes while smoking associated with smoking cessation attempts, cessation and reduced cigarette consumption? A survey with a 1-year follow-up. Addiction, 2015, 110(7): 1160-1168.
12. Kalkhoran S, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med, 2016, 4(2): 116-128.
13. Kulik MC, Lisha NE, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes associated with depressed smoking cessation: a cross-sectional study of 28 European Union Countries. Am J Prev Med, 2018, 54(4): 603-609.
14. Yong HH, Hitchman SC, Cummings KM, et al. Does the regulatory environment for e-cigarettes influence the effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation?: Longitudinal findings from the ITC four country Survey. Nicotine Tob Res, 2017, 19(11): 1268-1276.
15. Hajek P, Phillips-Waller A, Przulj D, et al. A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(7): 629-637.
16. McAuley TR, Hopke PK, Zhao J, et al. Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality. Inhal Toxicol, 2012, 24(12): 850-857.
17. Kuschner WG, Reddy S, Mehrotra N, et al. Electronic cigarettes and thirdhand tobacco smoke: two emerging health care challenges for the primary care provider. Int J Gen Med, 2011, 4: 115-120.
18. Hua M, Alfi M, Talbot P. Health-related effects reported by electronic cigarette users in online forums. J Med Internet Res, 2013, 15(4): e59.
19. McCauley L, Markin C, Hosmer D. An unexpected consequence of electronic cigarette use. Chest, 2012, 141(4): 1110-1113.
20. Thota D, Latham E. Case report of electronic cigarettes possibly associated with eosinophilic pneumonitis in a previously healthy active-duty sailor. J Emerg Med, 2014, 47(1): 15-17.
21. Agustin M, Yamamoto M, Cabrera F, et al. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage induced by vaping. Case Rep Pulmonol, 2018, 2018: 9724530.
22. Sommerfeld CG, Weiner DJ, Nowalk A, et al. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome from e-cigarette use. Pediatrics, 2018, 141(6): e20163927.
23. Welz C, Canis M, Schwenk-Zieger S, et al. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of electronic cigarette liquids on human mucosal tissue cultures of the oropharynx. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 2016, 35(4): 343-354.
24. Misra M, Leverette RD, Cooper BT, et al. Comparative in vitro toxicity profile of electronic and tobacco cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and nicotine replacement therapy products: e-liquids, extracts and collected aerosols. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2014, 11(11): 11325-11347.
25. Behar RZ, Wang Y, Talbot P. Comparing the cytotoxicity of electronic cigarette fluids, aerosols and solvents. Tob Control, 2018, 27(3): 325-333.
26. Husari A, Shihadeh A, Talih S, et al. Acute exposure to electronic and combustible cigarette aerosols: effects in an animal model and in human alveolar cells. Nicotine Tob Res, 2016, 18(5): 613-619.
27. Scott A, Lugg ST, Aldridge K, et al. Pro-inflammatory effects of e-cigarette vapour condensate on human alveolar macrophages. Thorax, 2018, 73(12): 1161-1169.
28. Ween MP, Whittall JJ, Hamon R, et al. Phagocytosis and inflammation: exploring the effects of the components of e-cigarette vapor on macrophages. Physiol Rep, 2017, 5(16): e13370.
29. Martin EM, Clapp PW, Rebuli ME, et al. E-cigarette use results in suppression of immune and inflammatory-response genes in nasal epithelial cells similar to cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2016, 311(1): L135-L144.
30. Sussan TE, Gajghate S, Thimmulappa RK, et al. Exposure to electronic cigarettes impairs pulmonary anti-bacterial and anti-viral defenses in a mouse model. PLoS One, 2015, 10(2): e0116861.
31. Aufderheide M, Emura M. Phenotypical changes in a differentiating immortalized bronchial epithelial cell line after exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke and e-cigarette vapor. Exp Toxicol Pathol, 2017, 69(6): 393-401.
32. Garcia-Arcos I, Geraghty P, Baumlin N, et al. Chronic electronic cigarette exposure in mice induces features of COPD in a nicotine-dependent manner. Thorax, 2016, 71(12): 1119-1129.
33. Reidel B, Radicioni G, Clapp PW, et al. E-cigarette use causes a unique innateimmune response in the lung, involving increased neutrophilic activation and altered mucin secretion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018, 197(4): 492-501.
34. Perrine CG, Pickens CM, Boehmer TK, et al. Characteristics of a multistate outbreak of lung injury associated with e-cigarette use, or vaping - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2019, 68(39): 860-864.
35. Blagev DP, Harris D, Dunn AC, et al. Clinical presentation, treatment, and short-term outcomes of lung injury associated with e-cigarettes or vaping: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet, 2019, 394(10214): 2073-2083.
36. Balmes JR. Reply to Eissenberg and Maziak: Are electronic cigarette users at risk for lipid-mediated lung injury?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020, 201(8): 1013-1014.
37. Butt YM, Smith ML, Tazelaar HD, et al. Pathology of vaping-associated lung injury. N Engl J Med, 2019, 381(18): 1780-1781.
38. Polosa R, Morjaria JB, Caponnetto P, et al. Evidence for harm reduction in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes. Respir Res, 2016, 17(1): 166.
39. Flouris AD, Chorti MS, Poulianiti KP, et al. Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhal Toxicol, 2013, 25(2): 91-101.
40. Meo SA, Ansary MA, Barayan FR, et al. Electronic cigarettes: impact on lung function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide among healthy adults. Am J Mens Health, 2019, 13(1): 1557988318806073.
41. Tsai J, Walton K, Coleman BN, et al. Reasons for electronic cigarette use among middle and high school students - National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2018, 67(6): 196-200.
42. Cullen KA, Liu ST, Bernat JK, et al. Flavored tobacco product use among middle and high school students - United States, 2014-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2019, 68(39): 839-844.

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电子烟作为戒烟替代手段的安全性和有效性

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