结缔组织疾病相关间质性肺疾病的影像学特征_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

廖俊喆 ,  罗凤鸣

四川大学华西医院呼吸与危重医学科（四川成都 610041）;

Corresponding author：

罗凤鸣, Email: luofengming@hotmail.com

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202101083

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Citation： 廖俊喆, 罗凤鸣. 结缔组织疾病相关间质性肺疾病的影像学特征. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2021, 20(5): 376-380. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202101083 Copy

1.	Jeganathan N, Sathananthan M. Connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease: prevalence, patterns, predictors, prognosis, and treatment. Lung, 2020, 198(5): 735-759.
2.	Fischer A, Strek ME, Cottin V, et al. Proceedings of the American College of Rheumatology/Association of Physicians of Great Britain and Ireland Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Summit: a multidisciplinary approach to address challenges and opportunities. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2019, 71(2): 182-195.
3.	Tyndall AJ, Bannert B, Vonk M, et al. Causes and risk factors for death in systemic sclerosis: a study from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) database. Ann Rheum Dis, 2010, 69(10): 1809-1815.
4.	Steen VD, Medsger TA. Changes in causes of death in systemic sclerosis, 1972-2002. Ann Rheum Dis, 2007, 66(7): 940-944.
5.	Raimundo K, Solomon JJ, Olson AL, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease in the United States: prevalence, incidence, and healthcare costs and mortality. J Rheumatol, 2019, 46(4): 360-369.
6.	Hyldgaard C, Hilberg O, Pedersen AB, et al. A population-based cohort study of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: comorbidity and mortality. Ann Rheum Dis, 2017, 76(10): 1700-1706.
7.	Travis WD, Costabel U, Hansell DM, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2013, 188(6): 733-748.
8.	Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2011, 183(6): 788-824.
9.	Dahani A, Arain SR, Riaz A, et al. Prevalence and pattern of pulmonary manifestation in patients with connective tissue disorder. Cureus, 2020, 12(4): e7618.
10.	Oliveira RP, Ribeiro R, Melo L, et al. Connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease[J/OL]. Pulmonology, 2020. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2531043720300040?via%3Dihub.
11.	Hernandez-Gonzalez F, Prieto-González S, Brito-Zeron P, et al. Impact of a systematic evaluation of connective tissue disease on diagnosis approach in patients with interstitial lung diseases. Medicine, 2020, 99(4): e18589.
12.	Tomassetti S, Ryu JH, Piciucchi S, et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: what is the optimal approach to management?. Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 2016, 37(3): 378-394.
13.	Ishioka S, Nakamura K, Maeda A, et al. Clinical evaluation of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia and interstitial pneumonia associated with collagen vascular disease using logistic regression analysis. Intern Med, 2000, 39(3): 213-219.
14.	Vogel MNA, Kreuter M, Kauczor HU, et al. Pulmonary manifestations in collagen vascular diseases. Der Radiologe, 2016, 56(10): 910-916.
15.	Raghu G, Rochwerg B, Zhang Y, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline: treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. an update of the 2011 clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2015, 192(2): e3-e19.
16.	Chung JH, Cox CW, Montner SM, et al. CT features of the usual interstitial pneumonia pattern: differentiating connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2018, 210(2): 307-313.
17.	Yoo H, Hino T, Han J, et al. Connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) and interstitial lung abnormality (ILA): evolving concept of CT findings, pathology and management. Eur J Radiol Open, 2021, 8: 100311.
18.	Ruano CA, Grafino M, Borba A, et al. Multimodality imaging in connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease. Clin Radiol, 2021, 76(2): 88-98.
19.	Denton CP, Khanna D. Systemic sclerosis. Lancet, 2017, 390(10103): 1685-1699.
20.	Perelas A, Silver RM, Arrossi AV, et al. Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. Lancet Respir Med, 2020, 8(3): 304-320.
21.	Young A, Vummidi D, Visovatti S, et al. Prevalence, treatment, and outcomes of coexistent pulmonary hypertension and interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2019, 71(8): 1339-1349.
22.	Chung JH, Walker CM, Hobbs S. Imaging features of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease[J/OL]. J Vis Exp, 2020, (160). https://www.jove.com/cn/pdf/60300/jove-protocol-60300-imaging-features-systemic-sclerosis-associated-interstitial-lung.
23.	Forestier A, Le Gouellec N, Béhal H, et al. Evolution of high-resolution CT-scan in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: description and prognosis factors. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2020, 50(6): 1406-1413.
24.	Walkoff L, White DB, Chung JH, et al. The four corners sign: a specific imaging feature in differentiating systemic sclerosis-related interstitial lung disease from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Thorac Imaging, 2018, 33(3): 197-203.
25.	Solomon JJ, Olson AL, Fischer A, et al. Scleroderma lung disease. Eur Respir Rev, 2013, 22(127): 6-19.
26.	Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet, 2016, 388(10055): 2023-2038.
27.	Messina R, Guggino G, Benfante A, et al. Interstitial lung disease in elderly rheumatoid arthritis patients. Drugs Aging, 2020, 37(1): 11-18.
28.	Zhang Y, Li H, Wu N, et al. Retrospective study of the clinical characteristics and risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Clin Rheumatol, 2017, 36(4): 817-823.
29.	Salaffi F, Carotti M, Di Carlo M, et al. High-resolution computed tomography of the lung in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: prevalence of interstitial lung disease involvement and determinants of abnormalities. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98(38): e17088.
30.	Chartrand S, Lee JS, Swigris JJ, et al. Clinical characteristics and natural history of autoimmune forms of interstitial lung disease: a single-center experience. Lung, 2019, 197(6): 709-713.
31.	Li L, Liu R, Zhang Y, et al. A retrospective study on the predictive implications of clinical characteristics and therapeutic management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Clin Rheumatol, 2020, 39(5): 1457-1470.
32.	Yunt ZX, Chung JH, Hobbs S, et al. High resolution computed tomography pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: relationship to survival. Respir Med, 2017, 126: 100-104.
33.	Jacob J, Hirani N, van Moorsel CHM, et al. Predicting outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis related interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J, 2019, 53(1): 1800869.
34.	Yamakawa H, Sato S, Nishizawa T, et al. Impact of radiological honeycombing in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. BMC Pulm Med, 2020, 20(1): 25.
35.	Morisset J, Johnson C, Rich E, et al. Management of myositis-related interstitial lung disease. Chest, 2016, 150(5): 1118-1128.
36.	Fujisawa T, Hozumi H, Kono M, et al. Prognostic factors for myositis-associated interstitial lung disease. PLoS One, 2014, 9(6): e98824.
37.	Mejía M, Herrera-Bringas D, Pérez-Román DI, et al. Interstitial lung disease and myositis-specific and associated autoantibodies: clinical manifestations, survival and the performance of the new ATS/ERS criteria for interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF). Respir Med, 2017, 123: 79-86.
38.	Hozumi H, Fujisawa T, Nakashima R, et al. Comprehensive assessment of myositis-specific autoantibodies in polymyositis/dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease. Respir Med, 2016, 121: 91-99.
39.	Zuo Y, Ye L, Liu M, et al. Clinical significance of radiological patterns of HRCT and their association with macrophage activation in dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2020, 59(10): 2829-2837.
40.	Tanizawa K, Handa T, Nakashima R, et al. The prognostic value of HRCT in myositis-associated interstitial lung disease. Respir Med, 2013, 107(5): 745-752.
41.	Mathai SC, Danoff SK. Management of interstitial lung disease associated with connective tissue disease. BMJ, 2016, 352: h6819.
42.	Toyoda Y, Koyama K, Kawano H, et al. Clinical features of interstitial pneumonia associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Respir Investig, 2019, 57(5): 435-443.
43.	Atzeni F, Gerardi MC, Barilaro G, et al. Interstitial lung disease in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a comprehensive review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol, 2018, 14(1): 69-82.
44.	Hannah JR, D'Cruz DP. Pulmonary complications of systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 2019, 40(2): 227-234.
45.	Ahuja J, Arora D, Kanne JP, et al. Imaging of pulmonary manifestations of connective tissue diseases. Radiol Clin North Am, 2016, 54(6): 1015-1031.
46.	Palm O, Garen T, Berge Enger T, et al. Clinical pulmonary involvement in primary Sjogren's syndrome: prevalence, quality of life and mortality--a retrospective study based on registry data. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2013, 52(1): 173-179.
47.	Dong X, Zhou J, Guo X, et al. A retrospective analysis of distinguishing features of chest HRCT and clinical manifestation in primary Sjögren's syndrome-related interstitial lung disease in a Chinese population. Clin Rheumatol, 2018, 37(11): 2981-2988.
48.	Gupta S, Ferrada MA, Hasni SA. Pulmonary manifestations of primary Sjögren's syndrome: underlying immunological mechanisms, clinical presentation, and management. Front Immunol, 2019, 10: 1327.
49.	Wallace B, Vummidi D, Khanna D. Management of connective tissue diseases associated interstitial lung disease: a review of the published literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 2016, 28(3): 236-245.
50.	Bodolay E, Szekanecz Z, Dévényi K, et al. Evaluation of interstitial lung disease in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Rheumatology (Oxford), 2005, 44(5): 656-661.
51.	Jee AS, Sheehy R, Hopkins P, et al. Diagnosis and management of connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease in Australia and New Zealand: A position statement from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. Respirology, 2021, 26(1): 23-51.
52.	Kuo CW, Chang KC, Chang HY, et al. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease - a case report. Respir Med Case Rep, 2018, 25: 12-17.
53.	Gutierrez M, Tardella M, Rodriguez L, et al. Ultrasound as a potential tool for the assessment of interstitial lung disease in rheumatic patients. where are we now?. Radiol Med, 2019, 124(10): 989-999.
54.	Buda N, Kosiak W, Welnicki M, et al. Recommendations for lung ultrasound in internal medicine. Diagnostics (Basel), 2020, 10(8): 587.
55.	Gigante A, Rossi Fanelli F, Lucci S, et al. Lung ultrasound in systemic sclerosis: correlation with high-resolution computed tomography, pulmonary function tests and clinical variables of disease. Intern Emerg Med, 2016, 11: 213-217.
56.	Aghdashi M, Broofeh B, Mohammadi A. Diagnostic performances of high resolution trans-thoracic lung ultrasonography in pulmonary alveoli-interstitial involvement of rheumatoid lung disease. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2013, 6(7): 562-566.
57.	Vasco PG, de Luna Cardenal G, Garrido IM, et al. Assessment of interstitial lung disease in Sjögren's syndrome by lung ultrasound: a pilot study of correlation with high-resolution chest tomography. Intern Emerg Med, 2017, 12(3): 327-331.
58.	Yi CA, Lee KS, Han J, et al. 3-T MRI for differentiating inflammation- and fibrosis-predominant lesions of usual and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: comparison study with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2008, 190(4): 878-885.
59.	Marinelli JP, Levin DL, Vassallo R, et al. Quantitative assessment of lung stiffness in patients with interstitial lung disease using MR elastography. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2017, 46(2): 365-374.

1. Jeganathan N, Sathananthan M. Connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease: prevalence, patterns, predictors, prognosis, and treatment. Lung, 2020, 198(5): 735-759.
2. Fischer A, Strek ME, Cottin V, et al. Proceedings of the American College of Rheumatology/Association of Physicians of Great Britain and Ireland Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Summit: a multidisciplinary approach to address challenges and opportunities. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2019, 71(2): 182-195.
3. Tyndall AJ, Bannert B, Vonk M, et al. Causes and risk factors for death in systemic sclerosis: a study from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) database. Ann Rheum Dis, 2010, 69(10): 1809-1815.
4. Steen VD, Medsger TA. Changes in causes of death in systemic sclerosis, 1972-2002. Ann Rheum Dis, 2007, 66(7): 940-944.
5. Raimundo K, Solomon JJ, Olson AL, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease in the United States: prevalence, incidence, and healthcare costs and mortality. J Rheumatol, 2019, 46(4): 360-369.
6. Hyldgaard C, Hilberg O, Pedersen AB, et al. A population-based cohort study of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: comorbidity and mortality. Ann Rheum Dis, 2017, 76(10): 1700-1706.
7. Travis WD, Costabel U, Hansell DM, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2013, 188(6): 733-748.
8. Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2011, 183(6): 788-824.
9. Dahani A, Arain SR, Riaz A, et al. Prevalence and pattern of pulmonary manifestation in patients with connective tissue disorder. Cureus, 2020, 12(4): e7618.
10. Oliveira RP, Ribeiro R, Melo L, et al. Connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease[J/OL]. Pulmonology, 2020. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2531043720300040?via%3Dihub.
11. Hernandez-Gonzalez F, Prieto-González S, Brito-Zeron P, et al. Impact of a systematic evaluation of connective tissue disease on diagnosis approach in patients with interstitial lung diseases. Medicine, 2020, 99(4): e18589.
12. Tomassetti S, Ryu JH, Piciucchi S, et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: what is the optimal approach to management?. Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 2016, 37(3): 378-394.
13. Ishioka S, Nakamura K, Maeda A, et al. Clinical evaluation of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia and interstitial pneumonia associated with collagen vascular disease using logistic regression analysis. Intern Med, 2000, 39(3): 213-219.
14. Vogel MNA, Kreuter M, Kauczor HU, et al. Pulmonary manifestations in collagen vascular diseases. Der Radiologe, 2016, 56(10): 910-916.
15. Raghu G, Rochwerg B, Zhang Y, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline: treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. an update of the 2011 clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2015, 192(2): e3-e19.
16. Chung JH, Cox CW, Montner SM, et al. CT features of the usual interstitial pneumonia pattern: differentiating connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2018, 210(2): 307-313.
17. Yoo H, Hino T, Han J, et al. Connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) and interstitial lung abnormality (ILA): evolving concept of CT findings, pathology and management. Eur J Radiol Open, 2021, 8: 100311.
18. Ruano CA, Grafino M, Borba A, et al. Multimodality imaging in connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease. Clin Radiol, 2021, 76(2): 88-98.
19. Denton CP, Khanna D. Systemic sclerosis. Lancet, 2017, 390(10103): 1685-1699.
20. Perelas A, Silver RM, Arrossi AV, et al. Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. Lancet Respir Med, 2020, 8(3): 304-320.
21. Young A, Vummidi D, Visovatti S, et al. Prevalence, treatment, and outcomes of coexistent pulmonary hypertension and interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2019, 71(8): 1339-1349.
22. Chung JH, Walker CM, Hobbs S. Imaging features of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease[J/OL]. J Vis Exp, 2020, (160). https://www.jove.com/cn/pdf/60300/jove-protocol-60300-imaging-features-systemic-sclerosis-associated-interstitial-lung.
23. Forestier A, Le Gouellec N, Béhal H, et al. Evolution of high-resolution CT-scan in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: description and prognosis factors. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2020, 50(6): 1406-1413.
24. Walkoff L, White DB, Chung JH, et al. The four corners sign: a specific imaging feature in differentiating systemic sclerosis-related interstitial lung disease from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Thorac Imaging, 2018, 33(3): 197-203.
25. Solomon JJ, Olson AL, Fischer A, et al. Scleroderma lung disease. Eur Respir Rev, 2013, 22(127): 6-19.
26. Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet, 2016, 388(10055): 2023-2038.
27. Messina R, Guggino G, Benfante A, et al. Interstitial lung disease in elderly rheumatoid arthritis patients. Drugs Aging, 2020, 37(1): 11-18.
28. Zhang Y, Li H, Wu N, et al. Retrospective study of the clinical characteristics and risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Clin Rheumatol, 2017, 36(4): 817-823.
29. Salaffi F, Carotti M, Di Carlo M, et al. High-resolution computed tomography of the lung in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: prevalence of interstitial lung disease involvement and determinants of abnormalities. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98(38): e17088.
30. Chartrand S, Lee JS, Swigris JJ, et al. Clinical characteristics and natural history of autoimmune forms of interstitial lung disease: a single-center experience. Lung, 2019, 197(6): 709-713.
31. Li L, Liu R, Zhang Y, et al. A retrospective study on the predictive implications of clinical characteristics and therapeutic management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Clin Rheumatol, 2020, 39(5): 1457-1470.
32. Yunt ZX, Chung JH, Hobbs S, et al. High resolution computed tomography pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: relationship to survival. Respir Med, 2017, 126: 100-104.
33. Jacob J, Hirani N, van Moorsel CHM, et al. Predicting outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis related interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J, 2019, 53(1): 1800869.
34. Yamakawa H, Sato S, Nishizawa T, et al. Impact of radiological honeycombing in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. BMC Pulm Med, 2020, 20(1): 25.
35. Morisset J, Johnson C, Rich E, et al. Management of myositis-related interstitial lung disease. Chest, 2016, 150(5): 1118-1128.
36. Fujisawa T, Hozumi H, Kono M, et al. Prognostic factors for myositis-associated interstitial lung disease. PLoS One, 2014, 9(6): e98824.
37. Mejía M, Herrera-Bringas D, Pérez-Román DI, et al. Interstitial lung disease and myositis-specific and associated autoantibodies: clinical manifestations, survival and the performance of the new ATS/ERS criteria for interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF). Respir Med, 2017, 123: 79-86.
38. Hozumi H, Fujisawa T, Nakashima R, et al. Comprehensive assessment of myositis-specific autoantibodies in polymyositis/dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease. Respir Med, 2016, 121: 91-99.
39. Zuo Y, Ye L, Liu M, et al. Clinical significance of radiological patterns of HRCT and their association with macrophage activation in dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2020, 59(10): 2829-2837.
40. Tanizawa K, Handa T, Nakashima R, et al. The prognostic value of HRCT in myositis-associated interstitial lung disease. Respir Med, 2013, 107(5): 745-752.
41. Mathai SC, Danoff SK. Management of interstitial lung disease associated with connective tissue disease. BMJ, 2016, 352: h6819.
42. Toyoda Y, Koyama K, Kawano H, et al. Clinical features of interstitial pneumonia associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Respir Investig, 2019, 57(5): 435-443.
43. Atzeni F, Gerardi MC, Barilaro G, et al. Interstitial lung disease in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a comprehensive review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol, 2018, 14(1): 69-82.
44. Hannah JR, D'Cruz DP. Pulmonary complications of systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 2019, 40(2): 227-234.
45. Ahuja J, Arora D, Kanne JP, et al. Imaging of pulmonary manifestations of connective tissue diseases. Radiol Clin North Am, 2016, 54(6): 1015-1031.
46. Palm O, Garen T, Berge Enger T, et al. Clinical pulmonary involvement in primary Sjogren's syndrome: prevalence, quality of life and mortality--a retrospective study based on registry data. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2013, 52(1): 173-179.
47. Dong X, Zhou J, Guo X, et al. A retrospective analysis of distinguishing features of chest HRCT and clinical manifestation in primary Sjögren's syndrome-related interstitial lung disease in a Chinese population. Clin Rheumatol, 2018, 37(11): 2981-2988.
48. Gupta S, Ferrada MA, Hasni SA. Pulmonary manifestations of primary Sjögren's syndrome: underlying immunological mechanisms, clinical presentation, and management. Front Immunol, 2019, 10: 1327.
49. Wallace B, Vummidi D, Khanna D. Management of connective tissue diseases associated interstitial lung disease: a review of the published literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 2016, 28(3): 236-245.
50. Bodolay E, Szekanecz Z, Dévényi K, et al. Evaluation of interstitial lung disease in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Rheumatology (Oxford), 2005, 44(5): 656-661.
51. Jee AS, Sheehy R, Hopkins P, et al. Diagnosis and management of connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease in Australia and New Zealand: A position statement from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. Respirology, 2021, 26(1): 23-51.
52. Kuo CW, Chang KC, Chang HY, et al. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease - a case report. Respir Med Case Rep, 2018, 25: 12-17.
53. Gutierrez M, Tardella M, Rodriguez L, et al. Ultrasound as a potential tool for the assessment of interstitial lung disease in rheumatic patients. where are we now?. Radiol Med, 2019, 124(10): 989-999.
54. Buda N, Kosiak W, Welnicki M, et al. Recommendations for lung ultrasound in internal medicine. Diagnostics (Basel), 2020, 10(8): 587.
55. Gigante A, Rossi Fanelli F, Lucci S, et al. Lung ultrasound in systemic sclerosis: correlation with high-resolution computed tomography, pulmonary function tests and clinical variables of disease. Intern Emerg Med, 2016, 11: 213-217.
56. Aghdashi M, Broofeh B, Mohammadi A. Diagnostic performances of high resolution trans-thoracic lung ultrasonography in pulmonary alveoli-interstitial involvement of rheumatoid lung disease. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2013, 6(7): 562-566.
57. Vasco PG, de Luna Cardenal G, Garrido IM, et al. Assessment of interstitial lung disease in Sjögren's syndrome by lung ultrasound: a pilot study of correlation with high-resolution chest tomography. Intern Emerg Med, 2017, 12(3): 327-331.
58. Yi CA, Lee KS, Han J, et al. 3-T MRI for differentiating inflammation- and fibrosis-predominant lesions of usual and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: comparison study with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2008, 190(4): 878-885.
59. Marinelli JP, Levin DL, Vassallo R, et al. Quantitative assessment of lung stiffness in patients with interstitial lung disease using MR elastography. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2017, 46(2): 365-374.

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结缔组织疾病相关间质性肺疾病的影像学特征

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