性别差异对哮喘的影响及女性哮喘的研究进展_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

胡秋蓉 , 时旭 , 付婉艺 , 贾楠 , 罗慧婷 , 李靖

广州医科大学附属第一医院变态反应（过敏与临床免疫）科（广东广州 510000）;

Corresponding author：

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DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202210062

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Citation： 胡秋蓉, 时旭, 付婉艺, 贾楠, 罗慧婷, 李靖. 性别差异对哮喘的影响及女性哮喘的研究进展. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2024, 23(2): 126-131. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202210062 Copy

1.	Koper I, Hufnagl K, Ehmann R. Gender aspects and influence of hormones on bronchial asthma - Secondary publication and update. World Allergy Organ J. 2017;10: 46.
2.	2022 GINA Main Report - Global Initiative for Asthma - GINAhttps://ginasthma.org/gina-reports/.
3.	Huang K, Yang T, Xu J, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and management of asthma in China: a national cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2019;394(10196): 407-418.
4.	Akinbami LJ, Moorman JE, Liu X. Asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality: United States, 2005-2009. Natl Health Stat Report. 2011;(32): 1-14.
5.	Carey MA, Card JW, Voltz JW et al. It's all about sex: gender, lung development and lung disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007; 18: 308-313.
6.	Jensen-Jarolim E, Untersmayr E. Gender-medicine aspects in allergology. Allergy. 2008;63(5): 610-615.
7.	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: asthma prevalence, disease characteristics, and self-management education: United States, 2001--2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(17): 547-552.
8.	Fuseini H, Newcomb DC. Mechanisms Driving Gender Differences in Asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17(3): 19.
9.	Kaur R, Chupp G. Phenotypes and endotypes of adult asthma: Moving toward precision medicine. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;144(1): 1-12.
10.	Trejo Bittar HE, Yousem SA, Wenzel SE. Pathobiology of severe asthma. Annu Rev Pathol 2015; 10: 511-545.
11.	Carey MA, Card JW, Bradbury JA et al. Spontaneous airway hyperresponsiveness in estrogen receptor-alpha-deficient mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175(2): 126-135.
12.	Ambhore NS, Kalidhindi RSR, Loganathan J, Sathish V. Role of Differential Estrogen Receptor Activation in Airway Hyperreactivity and Remodeling in a Murine Model of Asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 61(4): 469-480.
13.	Aravamudan B, Goorhouse KJ, Unnikrishnan G et al. Differential Expression of Estrogen Receptor Variants in Response to Inflammation Signals in Human Airway Smooth Muscle. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232(7): 1754-1760.
14.	Takeda M, Tanabe M, Ito W et al. Gender difference in allergic airway remodelling and immunoglobulin production in mouse model of asthma. Respirology 2013; 18(5): 797-806.
15.	Townsend EA, Meuchel LW, Thompson MA et al. Estrogen increases nitric-oxide production in human bronchial epithelium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339(3): 815-824.
16.	Newcomb DC, Cephus JY, Boswell MG et al. Estrogen and progesterone decrease let-7f microRNA expression and increase IL-23/IL-23 receptor signaling and IL-17A production in patients with severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;136(4): 1025-34. e11.
17.	Fuseini H, Cephus JY, Wu P et al. ERα Signaling Increased IL-17A Production in Th17 Cells by Upregulating IL-23R Expression, Mitochondrial Respiration, and Proliferation. Front Immunol 2019; 10: 2740.
18.	Tam A, Wadsworth S, Dorscheid D et al. Estradiol increases mucus synthesis in bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One, 2014, 9(6): e100633.
19.	Perusquía M, Hernández R, Montaño LM et al. Inhibitory effect of sex steroids on guinea-pig airway smooth muscle contractions. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 1997; 118: 5-10.
20.	Hall OJ, Limjunyawong N, Vermillion MS et al. Progesterone-Based Therapy Protects Against Influenza by Promoting Lung Repair and Recovery in Females. PLoS Pathog 2016;12(9): e1005840.
21.	Kalidhindi RSR, Katragadda R, Beauchamp KL et al. Androgen Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Intracellular Calcium in Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019;53(1): 215-228.
22.	Cephus JY, Stier MT, Fuseini H et al. Testosterone Attenuates Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell-Mediated Airway Inflammation. Cell Rep 2017;21(9): 2487-2499.
23.	Marozkina N, Zein J, DeBoer MD et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone Supplementation May Benefit Women with Asthma Who Have Low Androgen Levels: A Pilot Study. Pulm Ther 2019;5(2): 213-220.
24.	Bulkhi AA, Shepard KV, 2nd, Casale TB, Cardet JC. Elevated Testosterone Is Associated with Decreased Likelihood of Current Asthma Regardless of Sex. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020;8(9): 3029-3035. e4.
25.	Bjornson CL, Mitchell I. Gender differences in asthma in childhood and adolescence. J Gend Specif Med 2000;3(8): 57-61.
26.	Townsend EA, Miller VM, Prakash YS. Sex differences and sex steroids in lung health and disease. Endocr Rev 2012; 33: 1-47.
27.	Griscom NT, Wohl ME. Dimensions of the growing trachea related to age and gender. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986; 146: 233-237.
28.	Choi IS. Gender-specific asthma treatment. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2011; 3: 74-80.
29.	2Borish L, Chipps B, Deniz Y et al. Total serum IgE levels in a large cohort of patients with severe or difficult-to-treat asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 95: 247-253.
30.	Genuneit J. Sex-specific development of asthma differs between farm and nonfarm children: a cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190: 588-590.
31.	Vink NM, Postma DS, Schouten JP et al. Gender differences in asthma development and remission during transition through puberty: the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126: 498-504. e491-496.
32.	Fu L, Freishtat RJ, Gordish-Dressman H et al. Natural progression of childhood asthma symptoms and strong influence of sex and puberty. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11: 939-944.
33.	Castro-Rodriguez JA. A new childhood asthma phenotype: obese with early menarche. Paediatr Respir Rev 2016; 18: 85-89.
34.	Skoczynski S, Semik-Orzech A, Sozanska E et al. Bronchial hyperreactivity in perimenstrual asthma is associated with increased Th-2 response in lower airways. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9: 2015-2021.
35.	Skoczyński S, Semik-Orzech A, Szanecki W et al. Perimenstrual asthma as a gynecological and pulmonological clinical problem. Adv Clin Exp Med 2014; 23: 665-668.
36.	Triebner K, Johannessen A, Puggini L et al. Menopause as a predictor of new-onset asthma: A longitudinal Northern European population study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137: 50-57. e56.
37.	Pasaoglu G, Mungan D, Abadoglu O, Misirligil Z. Leukotriene receptor antagonists: a good choice in the treatment of premenstrual asthma? J Asthma 2008; 45: 95-99.
38.	Keselman A, Fang X, White PB, Heller NM. Estrogen Signaling Contributes to Sex Differences in Macrophage Polarization during Asthma. J Immunol 2017; 199: 1573-1583.
39.	Wulfsohn NL, Politzer WM, Henrico JS. Testosterone Therapy in Bronchial Asthma. S Afr Med J 1964; 38: 170-172.
40.	Nwaru BI, Sheikh A. Hormonal contraceptives and asthma in women of reproductive age: analysis of data from serial national Scottish Health Surveys. J R Soc Med 2015; 108: 358-371.
41.	Rao CK, Moore CG, Bleecker E et al. Characteristics of perimenstrual asthma and its relation to asthma severity and control: data from the Severe Asthma Research Program. Chest 2013; 143: 984-992.
42.	Schatz M. Interrelationships between asthma and pregnancy: a literature review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103: S330-336.
43.	Beecroft N, Cochrane GM, Milburn HJ. Effect of sex of fetus on asthma during pregnancy: blind prospective study. Bmj 1998; 317: 856-857.
44.	Bakhireva LN, Schatz M, Jones KL et al. Fetal sex and maternal asthma control in pregnancy. J Asthma 2008; 45: 403-407.
45.	Kwon HL, Belanger K, Holford TR, Bracken MB. Effect of fetal sex on airway lability in pregnant women with asthma. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163: 217-221.
46.	Murphy VE, Schatz M. Asthma in pregnancy: a hit for two. Eur Respir Rev 2014; 23: 64-68.
47.	Getahun D, Ananth CV, Peltier MR et al. Acute and chronic respiratory diseases in pregnancy: associations with placental abruption. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 1180-1184.
48.	Cohen JM, Bateman BT, Huybrechts KF et al. Poorly Controlled Asthma During Pregnancy Remains Common in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019; 7: 2672-2680. e2610.
49.	Mihălţan FD, Antoniu SA, Ulmeanu R. Asthma and pregnancy: therapeutic challenges. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 290: 621-627.
50.	Gómez Real F, Svanes C, Björnsson EH et al. Hormone replacement therapy, body mass index and asthma in perimenopausal women: a cross sectional survey. Thorax 2006; 61: 34-40.
51.	Real FG, Svanes C, Omenaas ER et al. Lung function, respiratory symptoms, and the menopausal transition. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121: 72-80. e73.
52.	Troisi RJ, Speizer FE, Willett WC et al. Menopause, postmenopausal estrogen preparations, and the risk of adult-onset asthma. A prospective cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 1183-1188.
53.	Peters U, Dixon AE, Forno E. Obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141: 1169-1179.
54.	Miethe S, Karsonova A, Karaulov A et al. Obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146: 685-693.
55.	Garcia-Rio F, Alvarez-Puebla MJ, Esteban-Gorgojo I et al. Obesity and Asthma: Key Clinical Questions. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2019; 29: 262-271.
56.	Chinn S, Rona RJ. Can the increase in body mass index explain the rising trend in asthma in children? Thorax 2001; 56: 845-850.
57.	Gilliland FD, Berhane K, Islam T et al. Obesity and the risk of newly diagnosed asthma in school-age children. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 406-415.
58.	Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Bobadilla A et al. The relation of body mass index to asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Chest 2002; 122: 1256-1263.
59.	Shaheen SO, Sterne JA, Montgomery SM et al. Birth weight, body mass index and asthma in young adults. Thorax 1999; 54: 396-402.
60.	Assad N, Qualls C, Smith LJ et al. Body mass index is a stronger predictor than the metabolic syndrome for future asthma in women. The longitudinal CARDIA study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188: 319-326.
61.	Liu PC, Kieckhefer GM, Gau BS. A systematic review of the association between obesity and asthma in children. J Adv Nurs 2013; 69: 1446-1465.
62.	Baffi CW, Winnica DE, Holguin F. Asthma and obesity: mechanisms and clinical implications. Asthma Res Pract 2015; 1: 1.
63.	Orfanos S, Jude J, Deeney BT et al. Obesity increases airway smooth muscle responses to contractile agonists. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315: L673-l681.
64.	Denton E, Price DB, Tran TN et al. Cluster Analysis of Inflammatory Biomarker Expression in the International Severe Asthma Registry. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021; 9: 2680-2688. e2687.

1. Koper I, Hufnagl K, Ehmann R. Gender aspects and influence of hormones on bronchial asthma - Secondary publication and update. World Allergy Organ J. 2017;10: 46.
2. 2022 GINA Main Report - Global Initiative for Asthma - GINAhttps://ginasthma.org/gina-reports/.
3. Huang K, Yang T, Xu J, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and management of asthma in China: a national cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2019;394(10196): 407-418.
4. Akinbami LJ, Moorman JE, Liu X. Asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality: United States, 2005-2009. Natl Health Stat Report. 2011;(32): 1-14.
5. Carey MA, Card JW, Voltz JW et al. It's all about sex: gender, lung development and lung disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007; 18: 308-313.
6. Jensen-Jarolim E, Untersmayr E. Gender-medicine aspects in allergology. Allergy. 2008;63(5): 610-615.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: asthma prevalence, disease characteristics, and self-management education: United States, 2001--2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(17): 547-552.
8. Fuseini H, Newcomb DC. Mechanisms Driving Gender Differences in Asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17(3): 19.
9. Kaur R, Chupp G. Phenotypes and endotypes of adult asthma: Moving toward precision medicine. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;144(1): 1-12.
10. Trejo Bittar HE, Yousem SA, Wenzel SE. Pathobiology of severe asthma. Annu Rev Pathol 2015; 10: 511-545.
11. Carey MA, Card JW, Bradbury JA et al. Spontaneous airway hyperresponsiveness in estrogen receptor-alpha-deficient mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175(2): 126-135.
12. Ambhore NS, Kalidhindi RSR, Loganathan J, Sathish V. Role of Differential Estrogen Receptor Activation in Airway Hyperreactivity and Remodeling in a Murine Model of Asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 61(4): 469-480.
13. Aravamudan B, Goorhouse KJ, Unnikrishnan G et al. Differential Expression of Estrogen Receptor Variants in Response to Inflammation Signals in Human Airway Smooth Muscle. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232(7): 1754-1760.
14. Takeda M, Tanabe M, Ito W et al. Gender difference in allergic airway remodelling and immunoglobulin production in mouse model of asthma. Respirology 2013; 18(5): 797-806.
15. Townsend EA, Meuchel LW, Thompson MA et al. Estrogen increases nitric-oxide production in human bronchial epithelium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339(3): 815-824.
16. Newcomb DC, Cephus JY, Boswell MG et al. Estrogen and progesterone decrease let-7f microRNA expression and increase IL-23/IL-23 receptor signaling and IL-17A production in patients with severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;136(4): 1025-34. e11.
17. Fuseini H, Cephus JY, Wu P et al. ERα Signaling Increased IL-17A Production in Th17 Cells by Upregulating IL-23R Expression, Mitochondrial Respiration, and Proliferation. Front Immunol 2019; 10: 2740.
18. Tam A, Wadsworth S, Dorscheid D et al. Estradiol increases mucus synthesis in bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One, 2014, 9(6): e100633.
19. Perusquía M, Hernández R, Montaño LM et al. Inhibitory effect of sex steroids on guinea-pig airway smooth muscle contractions. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 1997; 118: 5-10.
20. Hall OJ, Limjunyawong N, Vermillion MS et al. Progesterone-Based Therapy Protects Against Influenza by Promoting Lung Repair and Recovery in Females. PLoS Pathog 2016;12(9): e1005840.
21. Kalidhindi RSR, Katragadda R, Beauchamp KL et al. Androgen Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Intracellular Calcium in Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019;53(1): 215-228.
22. Cephus JY, Stier MT, Fuseini H et al. Testosterone Attenuates Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell-Mediated Airway Inflammation. Cell Rep 2017;21(9): 2487-2499.
23. Marozkina N, Zein J, DeBoer MD et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone Supplementation May Benefit Women with Asthma Who Have Low Androgen Levels: A Pilot Study. Pulm Ther 2019;5(2): 213-220.
24. Bulkhi AA, Shepard KV, 2nd, Casale TB, Cardet JC. Elevated Testosterone Is Associated with Decreased Likelihood of Current Asthma Regardless of Sex. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020;8(9): 3029-3035. e4.
25. Bjornson CL, Mitchell I. Gender differences in asthma in childhood and adolescence. J Gend Specif Med 2000;3(8): 57-61.
26. Townsend EA, Miller VM, Prakash YS. Sex differences and sex steroids in lung health and disease. Endocr Rev 2012; 33: 1-47.
27. Griscom NT, Wohl ME. Dimensions of the growing trachea related to age and gender. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986; 146: 233-237.
28. Choi IS. Gender-specific asthma treatment. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2011; 3: 74-80.
29. 2Borish L, Chipps B, Deniz Y et al. Total serum IgE levels in a large cohort of patients with severe or difficult-to-treat asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 95: 247-253.
30. Genuneit J. Sex-specific development of asthma differs between farm and nonfarm children: a cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190: 588-590.
31. Vink NM, Postma DS, Schouten JP et al. Gender differences in asthma development and remission during transition through puberty: the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126: 498-504. e491-496.
32. Fu L, Freishtat RJ, Gordish-Dressman H et al. Natural progression of childhood asthma symptoms and strong influence of sex and puberty. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11: 939-944.
33. Castro-Rodriguez JA. A new childhood asthma phenotype: obese with early menarche. Paediatr Respir Rev 2016; 18: 85-89.
34. Skoczynski S, Semik-Orzech A, Sozanska E et al. Bronchial hyperreactivity in perimenstrual asthma is associated with increased Th-2 response in lower airways. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9: 2015-2021.
35. Skoczyński S, Semik-Orzech A, Szanecki W et al. Perimenstrual asthma as a gynecological and pulmonological clinical problem. Adv Clin Exp Med 2014; 23: 665-668.
36. Triebner K, Johannessen A, Puggini L et al. Menopause as a predictor of new-onset asthma: A longitudinal Northern European population study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137: 50-57. e56.
37. Pasaoglu G, Mungan D, Abadoglu O, Misirligil Z. Leukotriene receptor antagonists: a good choice in the treatment of premenstrual asthma? J Asthma 2008; 45: 95-99.
38. Keselman A, Fang X, White PB, Heller NM. Estrogen Signaling Contributes to Sex Differences in Macrophage Polarization during Asthma. J Immunol 2017; 199: 1573-1583.
39. Wulfsohn NL, Politzer WM, Henrico JS. Testosterone Therapy in Bronchial Asthma. S Afr Med J 1964; 38: 170-172.
40. Nwaru BI, Sheikh A. Hormonal contraceptives and asthma in women of reproductive age: analysis of data from serial national Scottish Health Surveys. J R Soc Med 2015; 108: 358-371.
41. Rao CK, Moore CG, Bleecker E et al. Characteristics of perimenstrual asthma and its relation to asthma severity and control: data from the Severe Asthma Research Program. Chest 2013; 143: 984-992.
42. Schatz M. Interrelationships between asthma and pregnancy: a literature review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103: S330-336.
43. Beecroft N, Cochrane GM, Milburn HJ. Effect of sex of fetus on asthma during pregnancy: blind prospective study. Bmj 1998; 317: 856-857.
44. Bakhireva LN, Schatz M, Jones KL et al. Fetal sex and maternal asthma control in pregnancy. J Asthma 2008; 45: 403-407.
45. Kwon HL, Belanger K, Holford TR, Bracken MB. Effect of fetal sex on airway lability in pregnant women with asthma. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163: 217-221.
46. Murphy VE, Schatz M. Asthma in pregnancy: a hit for two. Eur Respir Rev 2014; 23: 64-68.
47. Getahun D, Ananth CV, Peltier MR et al. Acute and chronic respiratory diseases in pregnancy: associations with placental abruption. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 1180-1184.
48. Cohen JM, Bateman BT, Huybrechts KF et al. Poorly Controlled Asthma During Pregnancy Remains Common in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019; 7: 2672-2680. e2610.
49. Mihălţan FD, Antoniu SA, Ulmeanu R. Asthma and pregnancy: therapeutic challenges. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 290: 621-627.
50. Gómez Real F, Svanes C, Björnsson EH et al. Hormone replacement therapy, body mass index and asthma in perimenopausal women: a cross sectional survey. Thorax 2006; 61: 34-40.
51. Real FG, Svanes C, Omenaas ER et al. Lung function, respiratory symptoms, and the menopausal transition. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121: 72-80. e73.
52. Troisi RJ, Speizer FE, Willett WC et al. Menopause, postmenopausal estrogen preparations, and the risk of adult-onset asthma. A prospective cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 1183-1188.
53. Peters U, Dixon AE, Forno E. Obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141: 1169-1179.
54. Miethe S, Karsonova A, Karaulov A et al. Obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146: 685-693.
55. Garcia-Rio F, Alvarez-Puebla MJ, Esteban-Gorgojo I et al. Obesity and Asthma: Key Clinical Questions. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2019; 29: 262-271.
56. Chinn S, Rona RJ. Can the increase in body mass index explain the rising trend in asthma in children? Thorax 2001; 56: 845-850.
57. Gilliland FD, Berhane K, Islam T et al. Obesity and the risk of newly diagnosed asthma in school-age children. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 406-415.
58. Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Bobadilla A et al. The relation of body mass index to asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Chest 2002; 122: 1256-1263.
59. Shaheen SO, Sterne JA, Montgomery SM et al. Birth weight, body mass index and asthma in young adults. Thorax 1999; 54: 396-402.
60. Assad N, Qualls C, Smith LJ et al. Body mass index is a stronger predictor than the metabolic syndrome for future asthma in women. The longitudinal CARDIA study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188: 319-326.
61. Liu PC, Kieckhefer GM, Gau BS. A systematic review of the association between obesity and asthma in children. J Adv Nurs 2013; 69: 1446-1465.
62. Baffi CW, Winnica DE, Holguin F. Asthma and obesity: mechanisms and clinical implications. Asthma Res Pract 2015; 1: 1.
63. Orfanos S, Jude J, Deeney BT et al. Obesity increases airway smooth muscle responses to contractile agonists. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315: L673-l681.
64. Denton E, Price DB, Tran TN et al. Cluster Analysis of Inflammatory Biomarker Expression in the International Severe Asthma Registry. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021; 9: 2680-2688. e2687.

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性别差异对哮喘的影响及女性哮喘的研究进展

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