Analysis on the formation of antibodies to COVID-19 inactivated vaccine for critical care workers in Sichuan Province_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

HAN Xiaolin ,  KANG Yan ,  LI Xiaojin

Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

KANG Yan, Email: kangyan@vip.sina.com; LI Xiaojin, Email: 939590330@qq.com

Keywords：

Novel coronavirus; Inactivated vaccine; Antibody detection; Positive rate; Chemiluminescence method

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202301037

Video：

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Objective To investigate the antibody concentration and immune status of intensive care medical staff after vaccination against COVID-19. Methods From October 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022, the serial numbers of 47 hospitals were randomly selected by cluster stratified random sampling method. Blood samples were collected from 192 medical staff in intensive care department who had received inactivated novel coronavirus vaccine in 7 hospitals. The antibody concentration was determined by chemiluminescence method to find the antibody rule. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the related factors affecting the production of antibodies. Results Total antibody concentration of 192 blood samples was 23.25 (5.09, 270.22), IgG concentration was 0.94 (0.15, 4.48), IgM concentration was 0.05 (0.03, 0.12). Logistic regression analysis showed that the total antibody concentration might be related to gender and age, and the IgG concentration was significantly related to whether the third injection was administered. One hundred and twenty-seven people received 2 doses of inactivated vaccine, and the positive rate of IgG was the highest within 1 to 2 months, and decreased significantly after 3 months. The positive rate of IgG antibody was 95.4% within 60 days after receiving 3 doses of vaccine, 70% within 1 month after receiving the third dose of vaccine, and 100.0% within 1 to 2 months (P<0.05). The total antibody positive rate was 96.3% in people aged 17 to 35 years and 73.3% in people aged 36 to 58 years, showing statistical difference (P<0.05). The total antibody production rate of those who received the third dose of vaccine was 100.0%, and no severe case of COVID-19 occurred during the sampling period. Conclusions After the first, second, and third doses of COVID-19 vaccine, the total antibody concentration of the virus gradually increases to 100.0%, indicating initial immunity. However, the antibody concentration decreased gradually after 3 months of inoculation. The concentration of IgG in women is higher than that in men, and the concentration of antibody in young people is higher than that in middle-aged and elderly people during the same period.

Citation： HAN Xiaolin, KANG Yan, LI Xiaojin. Analysis on the formation of antibodies to COVID-19 inactivated vaccine for critical care workers in Sichuan Province. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2023, 22(2): 111-116. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202301037 Copy

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15.	Kozlovskaya LI, Piniaeva AN, Ignatyev GM, et al. Long-term humoral immunogenicity, safety and protective efficacy of inactivated vaccine against COVID-19 (CoviVac) in preclinical studies. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2021, 10(1): 1790-1806.
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20.	Xia SL, Zhang YT, Wang YX, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis, 2021, 21(1): 39-51.
21.	Yang HS, Costa V, Racine-Brzostek SE, et al. Association of age with SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. JAMA Netw Open, 2021, 4(3): e214302.
22.	Karachaliou M, Moncunill G, Espinosa A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination, and antibody response trajectories in adults: a cohort study in Catalonia. BMC Med, 2022, 20(1): 347.
23.	Bag Soytas R, Cengiz M, Islamoglu MS, et al. Antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccines in older adults. J Med Virol, 2022, 94(4): 1650-1654.
24.	Ong DSY, Fragkou PC, Schweitzer VA, et al. How to interpret and use COVID-19 serology and immunology tests. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2021, 27(7): 981-986.
25.	Castro Dopico X, Ols S, Loré K, et al. Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 induced by infection or vaccination. J Intern Med, 2022, 291(1): 32-50.
26.	Kevadiya BD, Machhi J, Herskovitz J, et al. Diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat Mater, 2021, 20(5): 593-605.
27.	Jin JM, Bai P, He W, et al. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality. Front Public Health, 2020, 8: 152.
28.	Shang YF, Liang YX, Liu T, et al. Public screening for COVID-19 in Wuhan, China and beware of the antibody positive in women and tumor patients. J Med Virol, 2022, 94(4): 1535-1539.
29.	Ozturk D, Gareayaghi N, Tahtasakal CA, et al. Antibody responses after two doses of CoronaVac of the participants with or without the diagnosis of COVID-19. Ir J Med Sci, 2022, 191(6): 2833-2838.
30.	Hoffmann M, Arora P, Groß R, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies. Cell, 2021, 184(9): 2384-2393.e2312.
31.	Dejnirattisai W, Zhou DM, Supasa P, et al. Antibody evasion by the P.1 strain of SARS-CoV-2. Cell, 2021, 184(11): 2939-2954.
32.	Abbasi J. The flawed science of antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2 immunity. JAMA, 2021, 326(18): 1781-1782.
33.	Chen MY, Qin RD, Jiang M, et al. Clinical applications of detecting IgG, IgM or IgA antibody for the diagnosis of COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Int J Infect Dis, 2021, 104: 415-422.
34.	Sacristan MS, Collazos-Blanco A, Cintas MIZ, et al. Comparison of various serological assays for novel SARS-COV-2. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021, 40(5): 963-968.
35.	Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Jelski W, Dunaj J, et al. Serology in COVID-19: comparison of two methods. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021, 18(12): 6497.
36.	Zeng YB, Lin CR, Liu C, et al. Evaluating the value of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection and neutralizing responses with euvirus: a population of 10776 close contacts in the epidemic of Fujian. Clin Chim Acta, 2023, 539: 237-243.
37.	Tatsi EB, Dellis C, Petridou E, et al. SARS-CoV-2 seroepi-demiological study in healthcare workers and discordant results using seven different diagnostic methods. Infection, 2022, 50(1): 251-256.
38.	Lisboa Bastos M, Tavaziva G, Abidi SK, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for covid-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2020, 370: m2516.
39.	Mahmoud SA, Ganesan S, Naik S, et al. Serological assays for assessing postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. Microbiol Spectr, 2021, 9(2): e0073321.
40.	Yuan M, Liu HJ, Wu NC, et al. Recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by neutralizing antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2021, 538: 192-203.
41.	Pérez-Alós L, Armenteros JJA, Madsen JR, et al. Modeling of waning immunity after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and influencing factors. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 1614.
42.	Fraser R, Orta-Resendiz A, Mazein A, et al. Upper respiratory tract mucosal immunity for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Trends Mol Med, 2023, 29(4): 255-267.
43.	Cheng ZKJ, Zheng PY, Xue MS, et al. Identifying COVID-19 infections from a vaccinated population using specific IgA antibody test. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 821218.
44.	Awadasseid A, Wu YL, Tanaka Y, et al. Current advances in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Int J Biol Sci, 2021, 17(1): 8-19.
45.	Li JR, Lillehoj PB. Microfluidic magneto immunosensor for rapid, high sensitivity measurements of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in serum. ACS Sens, 2021, 6(3): 1270-1278.

1. Zeyaullah M, AlShahrani AM, Muzammil K, et al. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 variants: current challenges and health concern. Front Genet, 2021, 12: 693916.
2. Beeraka NM, Sukocheva OA, Lukina E, et al. Development of antibody resistance in emerging mutant strains of SARS CoV-2: impediment for COVID-19 vaccines. Rev Med Virol, 2022, 32(5): e2346.
3. Campbell F, Archer B, Laurenson-Schafer H. Increased transmissibility and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as at June 2021. Euro Surveill, 2021, 26(24): 2100509.
4. Karim SSA, Karim QA. Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet, 2021, 398(10317): 2126-2128.
5. Hadj Hassine I. Covid-19 vaccines and variants of concern: a review. Rev Med Virol, 2022, 32(4): e2313.
6. Mascola JR, Graham BS, Fauci AS. SARS-CoV-2 viral variants-tackling a moving target. JAMA, 2021, 325(13): 1261-1262.
7. Zeng BQ, Gao L, Zhou QX, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med, 2022, 20(1): 200.
8. Emary KRW, Golubchik T, Aley PK, et al. Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B1.1.7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2021, 397(10282): 1351-1362.
9. 李谦, 张开元, 柏燕琴, 等. 新型冠状病毒疫苗的研发与应用前景. 药物生物技术, 2022, 29(6): 661-668.
10. 金晶, 边春红, 聂秀娟, 等. 化学发光法检测新型冠状病毒特异性抗体的假阳性结果评价. 标记免疫分析与临床, 2021, 28(6): 1045-1050.
11. 廖凡路, 刘艳源, 罗艺, 等. 化学发光法检测新型冠状病毒抗体的临床评价及应用. 武汉大学学报(医学版), 2022, 43(1): 24-27.
12. Dai LP, Gao GF. Viral targets for vaccines against COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol, 2021, 21(2): 73-82.
13. Arashkia A, Jalilvand S, Mohajel N, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike (S) protein based vaccine candidates: state of the art and future prospects. Rev Med Virol, 2021, 31(3): e2183.
14. Rauch S, Jasny E, Schmidt KE, et al. New vaccine technologies to combat outbreak situations. Front Immunol, 2018, 9: 1963.
15. Kozlovskaya LI, Piniaeva AN, Ignatyev GM, et al. Long-term humoral immunogenicity, safety and protective efficacy of inactivated vaccine against COVID-19 (CoviVac) in preclinical studies. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2021, 10(1): 1790-1806.
16. Ejazi SA, Ghosh S, Ali N. Antibody detection assays for COVID-19 diagnosis: an early overview. Immunol Cell Biol, 2021, 99(1): 21-33.
17. Perera RA, Mok CK, Tsang OT, et al. Serological assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), March 2020. Euro Surveill, 2020, 25(16): 2000421.
18. Li M, Jiang RW, Wang EY, et al. Performance evaluation of an automatic chemiluminescence immune platform for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody after vaccination in real world. BMC Infect Dis, 2022, 22(1): 157.
19. Fonseca MHG, Pinto A, Silva MFS, et al. Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response to CoronaVac followed by booster dose of BNT162b2 vaccine. Emerg Infect Dis, 2022, 28(6): 1237-1240.
20. Xia SL, Zhang YT, Wang YX, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis, 2021, 21(1): 39-51.
21. Yang HS, Costa V, Racine-Brzostek SE, et al. Association of age with SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. JAMA Netw Open, 2021, 4(3): e214302.
22. Karachaliou M, Moncunill G, Espinosa A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination, and antibody response trajectories in adults: a cohort study in Catalonia. BMC Med, 2022, 20(1): 347.
23. Bag Soytas R, Cengiz M, Islamoglu MS, et al. Antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccines in older adults. J Med Virol, 2022, 94(4): 1650-1654.
24. Ong DSY, Fragkou PC, Schweitzer VA, et al. How to interpret and use COVID-19 serology and immunology tests. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2021, 27(7): 981-986.
25. Castro Dopico X, Ols S, Loré K, et al. Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 induced by infection or vaccination. J Intern Med, 2022, 291(1): 32-50.
26. Kevadiya BD, Machhi J, Herskovitz J, et al. Diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat Mater, 2021, 20(5): 593-605.
27. Jin JM, Bai P, He W, et al. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality. Front Public Health, 2020, 8: 152.
28. Shang YF, Liang YX, Liu T, et al. Public screening for COVID-19 in Wuhan, China and beware of the antibody positive in women and tumor patients. J Med Virol, 2022, 94(4): 1535-1539.
29. Ozturk D, Gareayaghi N, Tahtasakal CA, et al. Antibody responses after two doses of CoronaVac of the participants with or without the diagnosis of COVID-19. Ir J Med Sci, 2022, 191(6): 2833-2838.
30. Hoffmann M, Arora P, Groß R, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies. Cell, 2021, 184(9): 2384-2393.e2312.
31. Dejnirattisai W, Zhou DM, Supasa P, et al. Antibody evasion by the P.1 strain of SARS-CoV-2. Cell, 2021, 184(11): 2939-2954.
32. Abbasi J. The flawed science of antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2 immunity. JAMA, 2021, 326(18): 1781-1782.
33. Chen MY, Qin RD, Jiang M, et al. Clinical applications of detecting IgG, IgM or IgA antibody for the diagnosis of COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Int J Infect Dis, 2021, 104: 415-422.
34. Sacristan MS, Collazos-Blanco A, Cintas MIZ, et al. Comparison of various serological assays for novel SARS-COV-2. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021, 40(5): 963-968.
35. Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Jelski W, Dunaj J, et al. Serology in COVID-19: comparison of two methods. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021, 18(12): 6497.
36. Zeng YB, Lin CR, Liu C, et al. Evaluating the value of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection and neutralizing responses with euvirus: a population of 10776 close contacts in the epidemic of Fujian. Clin Chim Acta, 2023, 539: 237-243.
37. Tatsi EB, Dellis C, Petridou E, et al. SARS-CoV-2 seroepi-demiological study in healthcare workers and discordant results using seven different diagnostic methods. Infection, 2022, 50(1): 251-256.
38. Lisboa Bastos M, Tavaziva G, Abidi SK, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for covid-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2020, 370: m2516.
39. Mahmoud SA, Ganesan S, Naik S, et al. Serological assays for assessing postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. Microbiol Spectr, 2021, 9(2): e0073321.
40. Yuan M, Liu HJ, Wu NC, et al. Recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by neutralizing antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2021, 538: 192-203.
41. Pérez-Alós L, Armenteros JJA, Madsen JR, et al. Modeling of waning immunity after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and influencing factors. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 1614.
42. Fraser R, Orta-Resendiz A, Mazein A, et al. Upper respiratory tract mucosal immunity for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Trends Mol Med, 2023, 29(4): 255-267.
43. Cheng ZKJ, Zheng PY, Xue MS, et al. Identifying COVID-19 infections from a vaccinated population using specific IgA antibody test. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 821218.
44. Awadasseid A, Wu YL, Tanaka Y, et al. Current advances in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Int J Biol Sci, 2021, 17(1): 8-19.
45. Li JR, Lillehoj PB. Microfluidic magneto immunosensor for rapid, high sensitivity measurements of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in serum. ACS Sens, 2021, 6(3): 1270-1278.

Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Analysis on the formation of antibodies to COVID-19 inactivated vaccine for critical care workers in Sichuan Province

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