Risk Factors for Death and Injuries in Earthquakes: A Systematic Review_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

ZOU Kun ,  Liu Guanjian , LI Youping , DU Liang , HE Jia

Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;

Corresponding author：

Liu Guanjian, Email: ceuliu@hotmail.com

Keywords：

Earthquake; Death; Injury; Risk factor; Systematic review

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.20080108

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective 　To access and identify risk factors related to death and injuries in earthquakes.
Method 　We searched The Cochrane Library, SCI, PubMed, CBM and CNKI from establishment to June 2008 to identify cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies involving risk factors related to death and injuries in earthquakes. The methodological quality of included cohort and case-controlled studies were assessed, and the potential risk factors of earthquake related death and injuries were systematically enumerated.
Results 　Two cohort, 2 case-control and 4 cross-sectional studies were included. Some included studies might be associated with selection bias. Risk factors for earthquake death and injuries included age, gender, mental disease, physical disabled, socioeconomics status, type/ age/ height/ collapse of building, motor vehicle driver and geographical location when the earthquake occurred.
Conclusions 　Death and injuries in earthquakes may be attributed to 3 categories: demographic characteristics, building features, and seismic/ geographical/ location factors. However, the conclusion of this review and its implications may be limited by the potential selection bias of included studies and the regional characteristics of the included populations. Original studies from Chinese seismic areas are especially needed.

Citation： ZOU Kun,Liu Guanjian,LI Youping,DU Liang,HE Jia. Risk Factors for Death and Injuries in Earthquakes: A Systematic Review. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2008, 08(7): 477-482. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.20080108 Copy

1.	The significant earthquake database. National geophysical data center. URL: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1 2008-6-27.
2.	汶川地震死伤数据URL:http://news.163.com/ 2008-6-27.
3.	Armenian HK, Melkonian A, Noji EK, et al. Deaths and injuries due to the earthquake in Armenia: A cohort approach. International journal of epidemiology, 1997, 26(4): 806-813.
4.	Peek-Asa C, Kraus JF, Bourque LB, et al. Fatal and hospitalized injuries resulting from the 1994 Northridge earthquake. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1998, 27(3): 459-465.
5.	Mahue-Giangreco M, Mack W, Seligson H, et al. Risk factors associated with moderate and serious injuries attributable to the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Los Angeles, California. Annals of Epidemiology, 2001, 11(5): 347-357.
6.	Peek-Asa C, Ramirez M, Seligson H, et al. Seismic, structural, and individual factors associated with earthquake related injury. Injury Prevention(Inj Prev), 2003, 9: 62-66.
7.	Osaki Y, Minowa M. Factors associated with earthquake deaths in the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, 1995. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2001, 153(2): 153-156.
8.	Chou YJ, Huang N, Lee CH, et al. Who is at risk of death in an earthquake. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2004, 160(7): 688-695.
9.	Liao YH, Lin SF, Liao WH, et al. Deaths related to housing in 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. Safty Science, 2005, 43(1): 29-37.
10.	Ellidokuz H, Ucku R, Aydin UY, et al. Risk factors for death and injuries in earthquake: Cross-sectional study from Afyon, Turkey. Croat Med J, 2005, 46(4): 613-618.
11.	De Bruycker M, Greco D, Lechat MF, et al. The 1980 earthquake in southern Italy—morbidity and mortality. Int J Epidemiol, 1985, 14(1): 113-117.
12.	Sapir DG. Natural and man-made disasters: the vulnerability of women-headed households and children without families. World Health Stat Q, 1993, 46(4): 227-233.
13.	Davis AP. Targeting the vulnerable in emergency situations: who is vulnerable? Lancet, 1996, 348(9031): 868-871.
14.	Eberhart-Phillips JE, Saunders TM, Robinson AL, et al. Profile of mortality from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake using coroner and medical examiner reports. Disasters, 1994, 18(2): 160-170.
15.	Parasuraman S. The impact of the 1993 Latur-Osmanabad (Maharashtra) earthquake on lives, livelihoods and property. Disasters, 1995, 19(2): 156-169.
16.	Alexander D. The health effects of earthquakes in the mid-1990s. Disasters, 1996, 20(3): 231-247.
17.	Armenian HK, Melkonian AK, Hovanesian AP. Long term mortality and morbidity related to degree of damage following the 1998 earthquake in Armenia. Am J Epidemiol, 1998, 148(11): 1077-1084.
18.	Tanaka H, Oda J, Iwai A, et al. Morbidity and mortality of hospitalized patients after the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Am J Emerg Med, 1999, 17 (2): 186-191.
19.	Peek-Asa C, Ramirez MR, Shoaf K, et al. GIS mapping of earthquake-related deaths and hospital admissions from the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake. Ann Epidemiol, 2000; 10(1): 5-13.
20.	Liang NJ, Shih YT, Shih FY, et al. Disaster epidemiology and medical response in the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Ann Emerg Med, 2001, 38 (5): 549-555.
21.	Chan CC, Lin YP, Chen HH, et al. A population-based study on the immediate and prolonged effects of the 1999 Taiwan earthquake on mortality. Ann Epidemiol, 2003, 13(7): 1-7.
22.	Wells GA, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. URL: http://www.lri.ca/programs/ceu/oxford.htm.
23.	Roces MC, White ME, Dayrit MM, et al. Risk factors for injuries due to the 1990 earthquake in Luzon, Philippines. Bull. World Health Org, 1992, 70(4): 509-514.

1. The significant earthquake database. National geophysical data center. URL: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1 2008-6-27.
2. 汶川地震死伤数据URL:http://news.163.com/ 2008-6-27.
3. Armenian HK, Melkonian A, Noji EK, et al. Deaths and injuries due to the earthquake in Armenia: A cohort approach. International journal of epidemiology, 1997, 26(4): 806-813.
4. Peek-Asa C, Kraus JF, Bourque LB, et al. Fatal and hospitalized injuries resulting from the 1994 Northridge earthquake. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1998, 27(3): 459-465.
5. Mahue-Giangreco M, Mack W, Seligson H, et al. Risk factors associated with moderate and serious injuries attributable to the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Los Angeles, California. Annals of Epidemiology, 2001, 11(5): 347-357.
6. Peek-Asa C, Ramirez M, Seligson H, et al. Seismic, structural, and individual factors associated with earthquake related injury. Injury Prevention(Inj Prev), 2003, 9: 62-66.
7. Osaki Y, Minowa M. Factors associated with earthquake deaths in the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, 1995. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2001, 153(2): 153-156.
8. Chou YJ, Huang N, Lee CH, et al. Who is at risk of death in an earthquake. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2004, 160(7): 688-695.
9. Liao YH, Lin SF, Liao WH, et al. Deaths related to housing in 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. Safty Science, 2005, 43(1): 29-37.
10. Ellidokuz H, Ucku R, Aydin UY, et al. Risk factors for death and injuries in earthquake: Cross-sectional study from Afyon, Turkey. Croat Med J, 2005, 46(4): 613-618.
11. De Bruycker M, Greco D, Lechat MF, et al. The 1980 earthquake in southern Italy—morbidity and mortality. Int J Epidemiol, 1985, 14(1): 113-117.
12. Sapir DG. Natural and man-made disasters: the vulnerability of women-headed households and children without families. World Health Stat Q, 1993, 46(4): 227-233.
13. Davis AP. Targeting the vulnerable in emergency situations: who is vulnerable? Lancet, 1996, 348(9031): 868-871.
14. Eberhart-Phillips JE, Saunders TM, Robinson AL, et al. Profile of mortality from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake using coroner and medical examiner reports. Disasters, 1994, 18(2): 160-170.
15. Parasuraman S. The impact of the 1993 Latur-Osmanabad (Maharashtra) earthquake on lives, livelihoods and property. Disasters, 1995, 19(2): 156-169.
16. Alexander D. The health effects of earthquakes in the mid-1990s. Disasters, 1996, 20(3): 231-247.
17. Armenian HK, Melkonian AK, Hovanesian AP. Long term mortality and morbidity related to degree of damage following the 1998 earthquake in Armenia. Am J Epidemiol, 1998, 148(11): 1077-1084.
18. Tanaka H, Oda J, Iwai A, et al. Morbidity and mortality of hospitalized patients after the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Am J Emerg Med, 1999, 17 (2): 186-191.
19. Peek-Asa C, Ramirez MR, Shoaf K, et al. GIS mapping of earthquake-related deaths and hospital admissions from the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake. Ann Epidemiol, 2000; 10(1): 5-13.
20. Liang NJ, Shih YT, Shih FY, et al. Disaster epidemiology and medical response in the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Ann Emerg Med, 2001, 38 (5): 549-555.
21. Chan CC, Lin YP, Chen HH, et al. A population-based study on the immediate and prolonged effects of the 1999 Taiwan earthquake on mortality. Ann Epidemiol, 2003, 13(7): 1-7.
22. Wells GA, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. URL: http://www.lri.ca/programs/ceu/oxford.htm.
23. Roces MC, White ME, Dayrit MM, et al. Risk factors for injuries due to the 1990 earthquake in Luzon, Philippines. Bull. World Health Org, 1992, 70(4): 509-514.

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