Emergency Physician Training Model of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia: A Comparative Study_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

YU Zhongguang ² ,  CHEN Xiaoyun ¹ , LI Xiangwen ² , ZHU Yalan ² , LI Zhanguo ³ , ZHANG Guoqiang ⁴

1. Department of Scientific Research, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China;2. Administration School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China;3. Office of the President, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China;4. Emergency Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China;

Corresponding author：

CHEN Xiaoyun, Email: friendshipchen@163.com

Keywords：

Emergency physician; Training model

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.20120161

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective 　To provide references and recommendations about emergency physician training for our country by analyzing the characteristics of emergency physicians training objective, subject, process, content, appraisal and assessment in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia.
Methods 　Such databases as Ovid, Proquest, MDConsoult and relevant websites of national emergency medicine were searched to include literature covering guidelines and documents on emergency education and training in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. According to the evidence-based scientific principles and methods, we graded and analyzed the included information.
Results 　A total of 40 articles were included, covering 12 guidelines and documents, 2 reviews and 26 research documents. Each of the four countries owned a sound emergency specialist training access system especially on how they used competency as the core to design the training content, courses and appraisal and assessment system to improve overall ability and quality of emergency physicians.
Conclusion 　Our country’s emergency physician training certainly has lagged behind those of the developed countries. We should learn from positive experience of the developed countries to standardize emergency physician training, improve the emergency physician training content and curriculum, strengthen access management and the construction of appraisal system, and cultivate the competency of emergency physicians.

Citation： YU Zhongguang,CHEN Xiaoyun,LI Xiangwen,ZHU Yalan,LI Zhanguo,ZHANG Guoqiang. Emergency Physician Training Model of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia: A Comparative Study. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2012, 12(9): 1038-1040. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.20120161 Copy

1.	姜士伟. 浅析人才培养模式的概念、内涵及构成. 山东省青年管理干部学院, 2008, (02): 77-80.
2.	Research Directions Conference: Research directions in emergency medicine consensus report. Acad Emerg Med, 1996, 3: 274-276.
3.	Jones J, Dougherty J, Cannon L, et al. Teaching research in the emergency medicine residency curriculum. Ann Emerg Med, 1987, 16: 347-353.
4.	Taylor DM, Jelinek GA. A comparison of Australasian and United States emergency medicine training programs. Academic Emergency Medicine, 1999, 6(4): 324-330.
5.	The Core Curriculum and Education Committee for the International Federation for Emergency Medicine .International Federation for Emergency Medicine model curriculum for emergency medicine specialists. CJEM, 2011, 13(2): 109-121.
6.	ABEM, ACEP, CORD, EMRA, RRC-EM and SAEM. 2009 Model of the Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine. 2012-4-25. Available from: URL: http://www.acep.org/content.aspx?id= 29580.
7.	Chapman DM, Hayden S, Sanders AB, et al. Integrating the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies into The Model of the Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med, 2004, 43: 756-769, and Acad Emerg Med, 2004, 11: 674-685.
8.	Stewart MG. Core Competencies. 2012-4-25. Available from: URL: http://www. Acg me. org/ acwebsite/ RRC_280/280_corecomp.asp.
9.	American Board of Emergency Medicine. Certification Policies and Procedures 2011. 2012-4-26. Available from: URL: http://www.abem.org/PUBLIC/_Rainbow/Documents/2011%20Policy%20&%20Procedures%20Book%20w%20Cover.pdf.
10.	The College of Emergency Medicine. Guidance for applicants to Emergency Medicine training in 2011. 2012-5-5. Available from: URL: www.collemergencymed.ac.uk/code/documen t.asp?ID=5084.
11.	The College of Emergency Medicine. The Emergency Medicine Operational Handbook (The Way Ahead). 2012-4-26. Available from: URL: http://secure.collemergencymed.ac.uk/Deve lopment/Policy%20and %20Service%20Development/The%20Way%20Ahead%202011/.
12.	The College of Emergency Medicine. Curriculum and Assessment Systems For Core Specialty Training ACCS CT1-3 & Higher Specialty Training ST4-6 Training Programmes. 2012-4-26 Available from: URL: http://www.gmc-uk.org/EMC_post_CAS_main.pdf_33072951.pdf.
13.	The College of Emergency Medicine. Emergency Medicine Assessment System. 2012-4-26 Available from: URL: http://www.collemergencymed.ac.uk/code/document.asp?ID= 6092.
14.	Steiner P. Emergency medicine practice and training in Canada. CMAJ, 2003, 168 (12): 1549-1550.
15.	The College of Family Physicians of Canada. Specialty Training Requirements in Emergency Medicine. 2012-4-26. Available from: URL: http://rcpsc.Medical.org/residency/certifi cation/training/emergme de.pdf.
16.	Duncan S. National Guidelines: Family Medicine - Emergency Medicine Residency Programs. [2012-4-26]. Available from: URL: http://www.cfpc.ca/uploadedFiles/Education/Family Med-EMResidencyPrograms(1).pdf.
17.	The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. CanMEDS 2005 Framework. 2012-4-26. Available from: URL: http://rcpsc.medical.org/canmeds/CanMEDS2005/index.php.
18.	Sabbah S. The impact of hospital overcrowding on postgraduate education: an emergency medicine resident’s perspective through the lens of CanMEDS. CJEM, 2009, 11(3): 247-249.
19.	John M, Paul L. Opportunities for emergency medicine training in Australia. Accid Emerg Med, 1997, 14: 36-39.
20.	Australasian College for Emergency Medicine. Policy on recognition of prior learning and credit transfer. 2012-4-26. Available from: URL: www.acem.org.au /media/policies.../T A113_v01_RPL___credit_transfer. pdf.
21.	Australasian College for Emergency Medicine. Training & Examination Handbook. 2012-4-26. Available from: URL: http://www.acem.org.au/education.aspx?docId=42.2011-9/2012-4-29.
22.	Australasian College for Emergency Medicine. Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Review of the Training and Assessment Program. 2012-4-26. Available from: URL: www. acem.org.au /.../ training /Training_Assessment_ Review_ Aug_2010. pdf.
23.	Anwar RAH. A longitudinal study of residency-trained emergency physicians. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1983, 12(1): 20-24.
24.	Cydulka RK, Korte R. Career Satisfaction in Emergency Medicine: The ABEM Longitudinal Study of Emergency Physicians. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2008, 51(6): 714-722.
25.	Huang DT, Osborn TM, Gunnerson KJ, et al. Critical Care Medicine Training and Certification for Emergency Physicians. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2005, 46(3): 217-223.
26.	Louis J, Thompson B, Richard R, et al. Emergency Medicine in the Medical School Curriculum. Academic Emergency Medicine, 1997, 4(11): 1070-1077.
27.	Stven A, David D, David P. Human simulation in emergency medicine training-a model curriculum. Academic Emergency Medicine, 2002, 9(11): 1310-1318.
28.	Ginde AA, Sullivan AF, Camargo Jr CA. National Study of the Emergency Physician Workforce, 2008. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2009, 54(3): 349-359.
29.	Sanders AB, Criss E, Witzke D, et al. Survey of undergraduate emergency medical education in the United States. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1986, 15(1): 1-5.
30.	Barbara J, Louis S, Julian M. The Emergency Physician and Knowledge Transfer-Continuing Medical Education, Continuing Professional Development, and Self-improvement. Acad Emerg Med, 2007, 14(11): 1003-1007.
31.	Munger BS, Danzl DF, Reinhart MA. The Future of the Certification System in Emergency Medicine. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1997, 30(6): 776-778.
32.	Kilroy D. Aspects of higher training in emergency medicine. Postgrad Med J, 2003, 79: 458-462.
33.	Glen B. Emergency medicine health advocacy:foundations for training and practice. Can J Emerg Med, 2003, 5(5): 336-342.
34.	Cherri H, Venkataraman A, Glen B, et al. International Federation for Emergency Medicine model curriculum for medical student education in emergency medicine. CJEM, 2009, 11(4): 349-354.
35.	James K, Eric S, Ron M, et al. Incorporating simulation into a residency curriculum. CJEM, 2010, 12(4): 349-353.
36.	Riyad B. Emergency medicine certification in Canada: the years march on but the questions remain the same. CJEM, 2008, 10(2): 101-103.
37.	Halpern P, Ivan P. Development of emergency medicine programs in Israel and Canada a tale of two countries. CJEM·JCMU, 2002, 4(3): 218-223.
38.	Jeremy E, Grant I, James C, et al. Development, implementation and reliability assessment of an emergency physician performance evaluation tool. CJEM·JCMU, 2000, 2(4): 237-245.
39.	Ivan S. Emergency medicine training in Canada: a different perspective. CJEM·JCMU, 1999, 1(2): 91-92.
40.	Tim R. Emergency medicine training in Canada learning from the past to prepare for the future. CJEM·JCMU, 2008, 10(2): 108-110.
41.	Peter A, David A, Richard A. Emergency Medicine in Australia. Annals of Emer6ency Medicine, 1996, 28(3): 342-346.
42.	李春盛. 急诊专科医师培训与准入制度是急诊医学发展的重要保证. 中华急诊医学杂志, 2008, 17(1): 5-6.
43.	Atzema C, Bandiera G, Schull MJ. Emergency Department Crowding: The Effect on Resident Education. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2005, 45(3): 276-281.
44.	徐腾达, 王仲, 王厚, 等. 急诊专科医师培养构想. 中华急诊医学杂志, 2007, 16(2): 217-220.

1. 姜士伟. 浅析人才培养模式的概念、内涵及构成. 山东省青年管理干部学院, 2008, (02): 77-80.
2. Research Directions Conference: Research directions in emergency medicine consensus report. Acad Emerg Med, 1996, 3: 274-276.
3. Jones J, Dougherty J, Cannon L, et al. Teaching research in the emergency medicine residency curriculum. Ann Emerg Med, 1987, 16: 347-353.
4. Taylor DM, Jelinek GA. A comparison of Australasian and United States emergency medicine training programs. Academic Emergency Medicine, 1999, 6(4): 324-330.
5. The Core Curriculum and Education Committee for the International Federation for Emergency Medicine .International Federation for Emergency Medicine model curriculum for emergency medicine specialists. CJEM, 2011, 13(2): 109-121.
6. ABEM, ACEP, CORD, EMRA, RRC-EM and SAEM. 2009 Model of the Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine. 2012-4-25. Available from: URL: http://www.acep.org/content.aspx?id= 29580.
7. Chapman DM, Hayden S, Sanders AB, et al. Integrating the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies into The Model of the Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med, 2004, 43: 756-769, and Acad Emerg Med, 2004, 11: 674-685.
8. Stewart MG. Core Competencies. 2012-4-25. Available from: URL: http://www. Acg me. org/ acwebsite/ RRC_280/280_corecomp.asp.
9. American Board of Emergency Medicine. Certification Policies and Procedures 2011. 2012-4-26. Available from: URL: http://www.abem.org/PUBLIC/_Rainbow/Documents/2011%20Policy%20&%20Procedures%20Book%20w%20Cover.pdf.
10. The College of Emergency Medicine. Guidance for applicants to Emergency Medicine training in 2011. 2012-5-5. Available from: URL: www.collemergencymed.ac.uk/code/documen t.asp?ID=5084.
11. The College of Emergency Medicine. The Emergency Medicine Operational Handbook (The Way Ahead). 2012-4-26. Available from: URL: http://secure.collemergencymed.ac.uk/Deve lopment/Policy%20and %20Service%20Development/The%20Way%20Ahead%202011/.
12. The College of Emergency Medicine. Curriculum and Assessment Systems For Core Specialty Training ACCS CT1-3 & Higher Specialty Training ST4-6 Training Programmes. 2012-4-26 Available from: URL: http://www.gmc-uk.org/EMC_post_CAS_main.pdf_33072951.pdf.
13. The College of Emergency Medicine. Emergency Medicine Assessment System. 2012-4-26 Available from: URL: http://www.collemergencymed.ac.uk/code/document.asp?ID= 6092.
14. Steiner P. Emergency medicine practice and training in Canada. CMAJ, 2003, 168 (12): 1549-1550.
15. The College of Family Physicians of Canada. Specialty Training Requirements in Emergency Medicine. 2012-4-26. Available from: URL: http://rcpsc.Medical.org/residency/certifi cation/training/emergme de.pdf.
16. Duncan S. National Guidelines: Family Medicine - Emergency Medicine Residency Programs. [2012-4-26]. Available from: URL: http://www.cfpc.ca/uploadedFiles/Education/Family Med-EMResidencyPrograms(1).pdf.
17. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. CanMEDS 2005 Framework. 2012-4-26. Available from: URL: http://rcpsc.medical.org/canmeds/CanMEDS2005/index.php.
18. Sabbah S. The impact of hospital overcrowding on postgraduate education: an emergency medicine resident’s perspective through the lens of CanMEDS. CJEM, 2009, 11(3): 247-249.
19. John M, Paul L. Opportunities for emergency medicine training in Australia. Accid Emerg Med, 1997, 14: 36-39.
20. Australasian College for Emergency Medicine. Policy on recognition of prior learning and credit transfer. 2012-4-26. Available from: URL: www.acem.org.au /media/policies.../T A113_v01_RPL___credit_transfer. pdf.
21. Australasian College for Emergency Medicine. Training & Examination Handbook. 2012-4-26. Available from: URL: http://www.acem.org.au/education.aspx?docId=42.2011-9/2012-4-29.
22. Australasian College for Emergency Medicine. Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Review of the Training and Assessment Program. 2012-4-26. Available from: URL: www. acem.org.au /.../ training /Training_Assessment_ Review_ Aug_2010. pdf.
23. Anwar RAH. A longitudinal study of residency-trained emergency physicians. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1983, 12(1): 20-24.
24. Cydulka RK, Korte R. Career Satisfaction in Emergency Medicine: The ABEM Longitudinal Study of Emergency Physicians. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2008, 51(6): 714-722.
25. Huang DT, Osborn TM, Gunnerson KJ, et al. Critical Care Medicine Training and Certification for Emergency Physicians. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2005, 46(3): 217-223.
26. Louis J, Thompson B, Richard R, et al. Emergency Medicine in the Medical School Curriculum. Academic Emergency Medicine, 1997, 4(11): 1070-1077.
27. Stven A, David D, David P. Human simulation in emergency medicine training-a model curriculum. Academic Emergency Medicine, 2002, 9(11): 1310-1318.
28. Ginde AA, Sullivan AF, Camargo Jr CA. National Study of the Emergency Physician Workforce, 2008. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2009, 54(3): 349-359.
29. Sanders AB, Criss E, Witzke D, et al. Survey of undergraduate emergency medical education in the United States. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1986, 15(1): 1-5.
30. Barbara J, Louis S, Julian M. The Emergency Physician and Knowledge Transfer-Continuing Medical Education, Continuing Professional Development, and Self-improvement. Acad Emerg Med, 2007, 14(11): 1003-1007.
31. Munger BS, Danzl DF, Reinhart MA. The Future of the Certification System in Emergency Medicine. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1997, 30(6): 776-778.
32. Kilroy D. Aspects of higher training in emergency medicine. Postgrad Med J, 2003, 79: 458-462.
33. Glen B. Emergency medicine health advocacy:foundations for training and practice. Can J Emerg Med, 2003, 5(5): 336-342.
34. Cherri H, Venkataraman A, Glen B, et al. International Federation for Emergency Medicine model curriculum for medical student education in emergency medicine. CJEM, 2009, 11(4): 349-354.
35. James K, Eric S, Ron M, et al. Incorporating simulation into a residency curriculum. CJEM, 2010, 12(4): 349-353.
36. Riyad B. Emergency medicine certification in Canada: the years march on but the questions remain the same. CJEM, 2008, 10(2): 101-103.
37. Halpern P, Ivan P. Development of emergency medicine programs in Israel and Canada a tale of two countries. CJEM·JCMU, 2002, 4(3): 218-223.
38. Jeremy E, Grant I, James C, et al. Development, implementation and reliability assessment of an emergency physician performance evaluation tool. CJEM·JCMU, 2000, 2(4): 237-245.
39. Ivan S. Emergency medicine training in Canada: a different perspective. CJEM·JCMU, 1999, 1(2): 91-92.
40. Tim R. Emergency medicine training in Canada learning from the past to prepare for the future. CJEM·JCMU, 2008, 10(2): 108-110.
41. Peter A, David A, Richard A. Emergency Medicine in Australia. Annals of Emer6ency Medicine, 1996, 28(3): 342-346.
42. 李春盛. 急诊专科医师培训与准入制度是急诊医学发展的重要保证. 中华急诊医学杂志, 2008, 17(1): 5-6.
43. Atzema C, Bandiera G, Schull MJ. Emergency Department Crowding: The Effect on Resident Education. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2005, 45(3): 276-281.
44. 徐腾达, 王仲, 王厚, 等. 急诊专科医师培养构想. 中华急诊医学杂志, 2007, 16(2): 217-220.

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