Chinese Gerontological Society of Nutrition and Food Safety Association,
Email: wendy_nutrition@163.com; yzmylab@hotmail.com
Given the severe situation of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the elderly, especially elderly patients with chronic diseases are the key populations for prevention and control. We developed recommendations of daily diets for elderly and the elderly patients with chronic diseases during the COVID-19 epidemic, based on the best available evidence and expert experiences. Levels of evidence and recommendations were determined by the method of the Oxford Centre for EBM Levels of Evidence (2001). These urgent recommendations aim to guide staffs in medical institutions to assist the elderly make sensible meal arrangements during this particular period.
Citation： Chinese Gerontological Society of Nutrition and Food Safety Association. Nutritional diet for the elderly at home during the outbreak of COVID-19: urgent recommendations. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2020, 20(5): 515-524. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.202002101 Copy
| 1. | 国家卫生健康委员会. 关于印发新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版 修正版)的通知. Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202002/d4b895337e19445f8d728fcaf1e3e13a.shtml. |
| 2. | 国家卫生健康委员会. 新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版 修正版). Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7652m/202002/41c3142b38b84ec4a748e60773cf9d4f.shtml. |
| 3. | Yang Y, Lu Q, Liu M, et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. medRxiv, 2020. DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.10.20021675. |
| 4. | 中国疾病预防控制中心新型冠状病毒肺炎应急响应机制流行病学组. 新型冠状病毒肺炎流行病学特征分析. 中华流行病学杂志, 2020, 41(2): 145-151. |
| 5. | 中国疾病预防控制中心. 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎公众预防指南: 膳食营养临时指南. Available from: http://www.chinacdc.cn/jkzt/crb/zl/szkb_11803/jszl_2275/202001/t20200131_212103.html. |
| 6. | 李幼平. 实用循证医学. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2018. |
| 7. | Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223): 514-523. |
| 8. | Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223): 497-506. |
| 9. | Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet, 2020, 395(10224): 565-574. |
| 10. | 国家卫生健康委员会. 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版). Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7652m/202002/e84bd30142ab4d8982326326e4db22ea.shtml. |
| 11. | BAPEN. A guide to managing adult malnutrition in the community. Available from: http://guide.medlive.cn/guideline/16196. |
| 12. | Australian and New Zealand Society for Geriatric Medicine. Australian and New Zealand Society for Geriatric Medicine--Position Statement No. 6--Under-nutrition and the older person. Australas J Ageing, 2009, 28(2): 99-105. |
| 13. | Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clin Nutr, 2019, 38(1): 10-47. |
| 14. | 孙建琴, 张坚, 黄承钰, 等. 《中国老年人膳食指南(2016)》解读与实践应用. 老年医学与保健, 2017, 23(2): 69-72. |
| 15. | 四川省营养学会. 健康每一天 最美夕阳红. 成都: 四川大学出版社, 2019. |
| 16. | Coelho-Júnior HJ, Rodrigues B, Uchida M, et al. Low protein intake is associated with frailty in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients, 2018, 10(9): E1334. |
| 17. | Dewansingh P, Melse-Boonstra A, Krijnen WP, et al. Supplemental protein from dairy products increases body weight and vitamin D improves physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Res, 2018, 49: 1-22. |
| 18. | Blumentals WA, Nevitt A, Peng MM, et al. Body mass index and the incidence of influenza-associated pneumonia in a UK primary care cohort. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 2012, 6(1): 28-36. |
| 19. | Allard R, Leclerc P, Tremblay C, et al. Diabetes and the severity of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection. Diabetes Care, 2010, 33(7): 1491-1493. |
| 20. | Egawa Y, Ohfuji S, Fukushima W, et al. Immunogenicity of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 vaccine in patients with diabetes mellitus: with special reference to age, body mass index, and HbA1c. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2014, 10(5): 1187-1194. |
| 21. | Beasley JM, Shikany JM, Thomson CA. The role of dietary protein intake in the prevention of sarcopenia of aging. Nutr Clin Pract, 2013, 28(6): 684-690. |
| 22. | 北京市体育局. 积极防护增强免疫力——陈静教你在家习练五禽戏. Available from: http://tyj.beijing.gov.cn/bjsports/gzdt84/qthd/1694647/index.html. |
| 23. | 北京市体育局. 积极防护增强免疫力——健身教练带你居家巧健身. Available from: http://tyj.beijing.gov.cn/bjsports/gzdt84/qthd/1694633/index.html. |
| 24. | 北京市体育局. 积极防护增强免疫力——居家心肺功能锻炼必不可少. Available from: http://tyj.beijing.gov.cn/bjsports/gzdt84/qthd/1694637/index.html. |
| 25. | 江苏省体育局. 居家锻炼强体质, 打赢疫情阻击战——老年人健康体适能锻炼方案. Available from: http://jsstyj.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2020/2/3/art_40968_8959734.html. |
| 26. | 国家体育总局. 居家锻炼应遵循“愉悦”原则. Available from: http://www.sport.gov.cn/n317/n346/c941974/content.html. |
| 27. | 北京市体育局. 居家健身 抗击疫情——健肺运动守护健康. Available from: http://tyj.beijing.gov.cn/bjsports/gzdt84/qthd/1694629/index.html. |
| 28. | 江苏省体育局. 居家科学健身 第九套广播体操在家也能做. Available from: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/y1YNd23W9L2itTc5S1_1gg. |
| 29. | 刘国华, 盛迪晔. 渐进式抗阻训练延缓骨骼肌衰减的Meta分析. 内江师范学院学报, 2018, 33(8): 107-115. |
| 30. | 孙建琴, 张坚, 常翠青, 等. 肌肉衰减综合征营养与运动干预中国专家共识(节录). 营养学报, 2015, 37(4): 320-324. |
| 31. | 中华医学会老年医学分会. 老年医学(病)科临床营养管理指导意见. 中华老年医学杂志, 2015, 34(12): 1388-1395. |
| 32. | 朱婧, 杨月欣. 来源于谷物的膳食纤维对肠道运动及症状影响的Meta分析. 卫生研究, 2015, 44(1): 1-7. |
| 33. | 张薇. 膳食纤维与营养相关疾病的关系: 来自Meta分析的证据. 卫生研究, 2015, 44(2): 347-351. |
| 34. | 中华医学会消化病学分会胃肠动力学组中华医学会外科学分会结直肠肛门外科学组. 中国慢性便秘诊治指南(2013年, 武汉). 中华消化杂志, 2013, 33(5): 291-297. |
| 35. | 中华医学会老年医学分会《中华老年医学杂志》编辑委员会. 老年人肌少症口服营养补充中国专家共识(2019). 中华老年医学杂志, 2019, 38(11): 1193-1197. |
| 36. | Lee A, Lee YJ, Yoo HJ, et al. Consumption of dairy yogurt containing lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei, bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis and heat-treated lactobacillus plantarum improves immune function including natural killer cell activity. Nutrients, 2017, 9(6): E558. |
| 37. | 方婷, 马红梅, 王念, 等. 益生菌在老年人中的应用研究现状. 职业与健康, 2019, 35(7): 1000-1004. |
| 38. | Boge T, Rémigy M, Vaudaine S, et al. A probiotic fermented dairy drink improves antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly in two randomised controlled trials. Vaccine, 2009, 27(41): 5677-5684. |
| 39. | Yamamotoa Y, Sarutab J, Takahashic T, et al. Effect of ingesting yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 on influenza virus-bound salivary IgA in elderly residents of nursing homes: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Odontol Scand, 2019, 77(7): 517-524. |
| 40. | Pu F, Guo Y, Li M, et al. Yogurt supplemented with probiotics can protect the healthy elderly from respiratory infections: A randomized controlled open-label trial. Clin Interv Aging, 2017, 12: 1223-1231. |
| 41. | Cawood AL, Elia M, Stratton RJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of high protein oral nutritional supplements. Ageing Res Rev, 2012, 11(2): 278-296. |
| 42. | Raynaud-Simon A, Revel-Delhom C, Hébuterne X, et al. Clinical practice guidelines from the French Health High Authority: nutritional support strategy in protein-energy malnutrition in the elderly. Clin Nutr, 2011, 30(3): 312-319. |
| 43. | 中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会老年营养支持学组. 老年患者肠外肠内营养支持中国专家共识. 中华老年医学杂志, 2013, 32(9): 913-929. |
| 44. | Oikonomou G, Prober DA. Linking immunity and sickness-induced sleep. Science, 2019, 363(6426): 455-456. |
| 45. | Besedovsky L, Lange T, Haack M. The sleep-immune crosstalk in health and disease. Physiol Rev, 2019, 99(3): 1325-1380. |
| 46. | 周淑娟. 浅谈药食同源在临床饮食调护中的应用. 影像研究与医学应用, 2017, 1(6): 198-199. |
| 47. | 姜程曦, 程锦国, 罗婷. 药食同源植物的营养价值分析. 安徽农业科学, 2015, 43(11): 282-284. |
| 48. | 曹庭栋, 焦娜. 老老恒言. 北京: 北京联合出版公司, 2016. |
| 49. | 赵余庆, 吴春福. 食疗与保健食品原料功能因子手册. 北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 2013. |
| 50. | 周桔丰, 蒙莉萍, 苏小玉, 等. 不同营养状况与慢性阻塞性肺病患者预后的相关性分析. 中华肺部疾病杂志(电子版), 2019, 12(1): 90-92. |
| 51. | 孟方方. 低蛋白血症对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期预后的影响. 中国现代医药杂志, 2013, 15(11): 45-46. |
| 52. | 李莎莎, 段凤英. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴营养不良的研究进展. 实用医学杂志, 2015, (11): 1885-1887. |
| 53. | Schols AM, Ferreira IM, Franssen FM, et al. Nutritional assessment and therapy in COPD: a European Respiratory Society statement. Eur Respir J, 2014, 44(6): 1504-1520. |
| 54. | Si ZL, Kang LL, Shen XB, et al. Adjuvant efficacy of nutrition support during pulmonary tuberculosis treating course: systematic review and meta-analysis. Chin Med J (Engl), 2015, 128(23): 3219-3230. |
| 55. | Ferreira IM, Brooks D, White J, et al. Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012, (12): CD000998. |
| 56. | Collins PF, Stratton RJ, Elia M. Nutritional support in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 2012, 95(6): 1385-1395. |
| 57. | Long H, Howells K, Peters S, et al. Does health coaching improve health-related quality of life and reduce hospital admissions in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Health Psychol, 2019, 24(3): 515-546. |
| 58. | 金玉玲, 邱昕光, 刘敏, 等. 老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期综合干预效果评价. 实用老年医学, 2015, 29(3): 229-231. |
| 59. | Park HJ, Byun MK, Kim HJ, et al. Dietary vitamin C intake protects against COPD: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2012. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2016, 11: 2721-2728. |
| 60. | Færk G, Çolak Y, Afzal S, et al. Low concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and long-term prognosis of COPD: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol, 2018, 33(6): 567-577. |
| 61. | Fonseca Wald ELA, van den Borst B, Gosker HR, et al. Dietary fibre and fatty acids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk and progression: a systematic review. Respirology, 2014, 19(2): 176-184. |
| 62. | van de Bool C, Rutten EPA, van Helvoort A, et al. A randomized clinical trial investigating the efficacy of targeted nutrition as adjunct to exercise training in COPD. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2017, 8(5): 748-758. |
| 63. | 薛君, 张雅楠, 宋昭赫, 等. 老年慢性阻塞性肺病稳定期患者家庭肠内营养治疗疗效观察. 中华老年病研究电子杂志, 2019, 6(3): 34-37. |
| 64. | Svetkey LP, Simons-Morton DG, Proschan MA, et al. Effect of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet and reduced sodium intake on blood pressure control. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2004, 6(7): 373-381. |
| 65. | Stewart RAH. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med, 2018, 379(14): 1388. |
| 66. | Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Brinton EA, et al. Rationale and design of REDUCE-IT: Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial. Clin Cardiol, 2017, 40(3): 138-148. |
| 67. | 中国康复医学会心血管病专业委员会, 中国营养学会临床营养分会, 中华预防医学会慢性病预防与控制分会, 等. 心血管疾病营养处方专家共识. 中华内科杂志, 2014, 53(2): 151-158. |
| 68. | Sanches Machado d'Almeida K, Ronchi Spillere S, Zuchinali P, et al. Mediterranean diet and other dietary patterns in primary prevention of heart failure and changes in cardiac function markers: a systematic review. Nutrients, 2018, 10(1): E58. |
| 69. | 张荣欣, 李守濂. 老年心脑血管病患者长期肠内营养的疗效分析. 中华老年心脑血管病杂志, 2000, 2(3): 214. |
| 70. | Milne AC, Potter J, Vivanti A, et al. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009, (2): CD003288. |
| 71. | Chatindiara I, Williams V, Sycamore E, et al. Associations between nutrition risk status, body composition and physical performance among community-dwelling older adults. Aust N Z J Public Health, 2019, 43(1): 56-62. |
| 72. | Gómez CC, Bermejo L LM, Loria KV. Importance of a balanced omega 6/omega 3 ratio for the maintenance of health: nutritional recommendations. Nutr Hosp, 2011, 26(2): 323-329. |
| 73. | 陈蝶玲, 黄巍峰, 郑晓辉, 等. N3系多不饱和脂肪酸膳食参考摄入量的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2015, 36(11): 378-388. |
| 74. | Simopoulos A, Cleland LG, Christiansen E. Omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acid ratio: the scientific evidence. Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition, 2004, 48(1): 49-50. |
| 75. | Simopoulos AP. The omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio: health implications. OCL-Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides, 2010, 17(5): 267-275. |
| 76. | Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet, 2007, 369(9567): 1090-1098. |
| 77. | 中华医学会糖尿病学分会. 中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2013年版). 中国糖尿病杂志, 2014, 22(8): 2-42. |
| 78. | 中华医学会糖尿病学分会. 中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2017年版). 中华糖尿病杂志, 2018, 10(1): 4-67. |
| 79. | 中华医学会糖尿病学分会, 中国医师协会营养医师专业委员会. 中国糖尿病医学营养治疗指南(2013). 中华糖尿病杂志, 2015, 7(2): 73-88. |
| 80. | 中国营养学会. 中国居民膳食指南(2016). 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2017. |
| 81. | Brand-Miller J, Hayne S, Petocz P, et al. Low-glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care, 2003, 26(8): 2261-2267. |
| 82. | Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, et al. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med, 2000, 342(19): 1392-1398. |
| 83. | Mattila C, Knekt P, Männistö S, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2007, 30(10): 2569-2570. |
| 84. | Wu C, Qiu S, Zhu X, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism, 2017, 73: 67-76. |
| 85. | Collins AJ, Foley RN, Chavers B, et al. 'United States Renal Data System 2011 Annual Data Report: Atlas of chronic kidney disease & end-stage renal disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis, 2012, 59(1 Suppl 1): A7-A1. |
| 86. | 刘天生. 某院159例糖尿病肾病患者血液透析致肺部感染的危险因素分析及其干预对策. 抗感染药学, 2019, 16(4): 632-634. |
| 87. | Kopple JD. National kidney foundation K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis, 2001, 37(1 Suppl 2): S66-S70. |
| 88. | Cupisti A, Brunori G, Di Iorio BR, et al. Nutritional treatment of advanced CKD: twenty consensus statements. J Nephrol, 2018, 31(4): 457-473. |
| 89. | 国家卫生计生委. 行业标准《慢性肾脏病患者膳食指导》. Available from: http://std.samr.gov.cn/hb/search/stdHBDetailed?id=8B1827F25109BB19E05397BE0A0AB44A. |
| 90. | Ash S, Campbell KL, Bogard J, et al. Nutrition prescription to achieve positive outcomes in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Nutrients, 2014, 6(1): 416-451. |
| 91. | 赵旭, 兰祥莉, 陈容, 等. 混合淀粉主食在慢性肾脏病患者院外营养管理中的应用. 临床肾脏病杂志, 2019, 19(10): 743-747. |
| 92. | Malhotra V, Beniwal P, Pursnani L. Infections in chronic kidney disease. Clinical Queries: Nephrology, 2012, 1(4): 253-258. |
| 93. | Wright M, Southcott E, MacLaughlin H, et al. Clinical practice guideline on undernutrition in chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol, 2019, 20(1): 370. |
| 94. | Liu PJ, Ma F, Wang QY, et al. The effects of oral nutritional supplements in patients with maintenance dialysis therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS One, 2018, 13(9): e0203706. |
| 95. | Mas E, Barden A, Burke V, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of n-3 fatty acids on resolvins in chronic kidney disease. Clin Nutr, 2016, 35(2): 331-336. |
| 96. | Barden AE, Shinde S, Burke V, et al. The effect of n-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on neutrophil leukotrienes, mediators of inflammation resolution and myeloperoxidase in chronic kidney disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat, 2018, 136: 1-8. |
- 1. 国家卫生健康委员会. 关于印发新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版 修正版)的通知. Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202002/d4b895337e19445f8d728fcaf1e3e13a.shtml.
- 2. 国家卫生健康委员会. 新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版 修正版). Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7652m/202002/41c3142b38b84ec4a748e60773cf9d4f.shtml.
- 3. Yang Y, Lu Q, Liu M, et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. medRxiv, 2020. DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.10.20021675.
- 4. 中国疾病预防控制中心新型冠状病毒肺炎应急响应机制流行病学组. 新型冠状病毒肺炎流行病学特征分析. 中华流行病学杂志, 2020, 41(2): 145-151.
- 5. 中国疾病预防控制中心. 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎公众预防指南: 膳食营养临时指南. Available from: http://www.chinacdc.cn/jkzt/crb/zl/szkb_11803/jszl_2275/202001/t20200131_212103.html.
- 6. 李幼平. 实用循证医学. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2018.
- 7. Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223): 514-523.
- 8. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223): 497-506.
- 9. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet, 2020, 395(10224): 565-574.
- 10. 国家卫生健康委员会. 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版). Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7652m/202002/e84bd30142ab4d8982326326e4db22ea.shtml.
- 11. BAPEN. A guide to managing adult malnutrition in the community. Available from: http://guide.medlive.cn/guideline/16196.
- 12. Australian and New Zealand Society for Geriatric Medicine. Australian and New Zealand Society for Geriatric Medicine--Position Statement No. 6--Under-nutrition and the older person. Australas J Ageing, 2009, 28(2): 99-105.
- 13. Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clin Nutr, 2019, 38(1): 10-47.
- 14. 孙建琴, 张坚, 黄承钰, 等. 《中国老年人膳食指南(2016)》解读与实践应用. 老年医学与保健, 2017, 23(2): 69-72.
- 15. 四川省营养学会. 健康每一天 最美夕阳红. 成都: 四川大学出版社, 2019.
- 16. Coelho-Júnior HJ, Rodrigues B, Uchida M, et al. Low protein intake is associated with frailty in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients, 2018, 10(9): E1334.
- 17. Dewansingh P, Melse-Boonstra A, Krijnen WP, et al. Supplemental protein from dairy products increases body weight and vitamin D improves physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Res, 2018, 49: 1-22.
- 18. Blumentals WA, Nevitt A, Peng MM, et al. Body mass index and the incidence of influenza-associated pneumonia in a UK primary care cohort. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 2012, 6(1): 28-36.
- 19. Allard R, Leclerc P, Tremblay C, et al. Diabetes and the severity of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection. Diabetes Care, 2010, 33(7): 1491-1493.
- 20. Egawa Y, Ohfuji S, Fukushima W, et al. Immunogenicity of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 vaccine in patients with diabetes mellitus: with special reference to age, body mass index, and HbA1c. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2014, 10(5): 1187-1194.
- 21. Beasley JM, Shikany JM, Thomson CA. The role of dietary protein intake in the prevention of sarcopenia of aging. Nutr Clin Pract, 2013, 28(6): 684-690.
- 22. 北京市体育局. 积极防护增强免疫力——陈静教你在家习练五禽戏. Available from: http://tyj.beijing.gov.cn/bjsports/gzdt84/qthd/1694647/index.html.
- 23. 北京市体育局. 积极防护增强免疫力——健身教练带你居家巧健身. Available from: http://tyj.beijing.gov.cn/bjsports/gzdt84/qthd/1694633/index.html.
- 24. 北京市体育局. 积极防护增强免疫力——居家心肺功能锻炼必不可少. Available from: http://tyj.beijing.gov.cn/bjsports/gzdt84/qthd/1694637/index.html.
- 25. 江苏省体育局. 居家锻炼强体质, 打赢疫情阻击战——老年人健康体适能锻炼方案. Available from: http://jsstyj.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2020/2/3/art_40968_8959734.html.
- 26. 国家体育总局. 居家锻炼应遵循“愉悦”原则. Available from: http://www.sport.gov.cn/n317/n346/c941974/content.html.
- 27. 北京市体育局. 居家健身 抗击疫情——健肺运动守护健康. Available from: http://tyj.beijing.gov.cn/bjsports/gzdt84/qthd/1694629/index.html.
- 28. 江苏省体育局. 居家科学健身 第九套广播体操在家也能做. Available from: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/y1YNd23W9L2itTc5S1_1gg.
- 29. 刘国华, 盛迪晔. 渐进式抗阻训练延缓骨骼肌衰减的Meta分析. 内江师范学院学报, 2018, 33(8): 107-115.
- 30. 孙建琴, 张坚, 常翠青, 等. 肌肉衰减综合征营养与运动干预中国专家共识(节录). 营养学报, 2015, 37(4): 320-324.
- 31. 中华医学会老年医学分会. 老年医学(病)科临床营养管理指导意见. 中华老年医学杂志, 2015, 34(12): 1388-1395.
- 32. 朱婧, 杨月欣. 来源于谷物的膳食纤维对肠道运动及症状影响的Meta分析. 卫生研究, 2015, 44(1): 1-7.
- 33. 张薇. 膳食纤维与营养相关疾病的关系: 来自Meta分析的证据. 卫生研究, 2015, 44(2): 347-351.
- 34. 中华医学会消化病学分会胃肠动力学组中华医学会外科学分会结直肠肛门外科学组. 中国慢性便秘诊治指南(2013年, 武汉). 中华消化杂志, 2013, 33(5): 291-297.
- 35. 中华医学会老年医学分会《中华老年医学杂志》编辑委员会. 老年人肌少症口服营养补充中国专家共识(2019). 中华老年医学杂志, 2019, 38(11): 1193-1197.
- 36. Lee A, Lee YJ, Yoo HJ, et al. Consumption of dairy yogurt containing lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei, bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis and heat-treated lactobacillus plantarum improves immune function including natural killer cell activity. Nutrients, 2017, 9(6): E558.
- 37. 方婷, 马红梅, 王念, 等. 益生菌在老年人中的应用研究现状. 职业与健康, 2019, 35(7): 1000-1004.
- 38. Boge T, Rémigy M, Vaudaine S, et al. A probiotic fermented dairy drink improves antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly in two randomised controlled trials. Vaccine, 2009, 27(41): 5677-5684.
- 39. Yamamotoa Y, Sarutab J, Takahashic T, et al. Effect of ingesting yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 on influenza virus-bound salivary IgA in elderly residents of nursing homes: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Odontol Scand, 2019, 77(7): 517-524.
- 40. Pu F, Guo Y, Li M, et al. Yogurt supplemented with probiotics can protect the healthy elderly from respiratory infections: A randomized controlled open-label trial. Clin Interv Aging, 2017, 12: 1223-1231.
- 41. Cawood AL, Elia M, Stratton RJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of high protein oral nutritional supplements. Ageing Res Rev, 2012, 11(2): 278-296.
- 42. Raynaud-Simon A, Revel-Delhom C, Hébuterne X, et al. Clinical practice guidelines from the French Health High Authority: nutritional support strategy in protein-energy malnutrition in the elderly. Clin Nutr, 2011, 30(3): 312-319.
- 43. 中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会老年营养支持学组. 老年患者肠外肠内营养支持中国专家共识. 中华老年医学杂志, 2013, 32(9): 913-929.
- 44. Oikonomou G, Prober DA. Linking immunity and sickness-induced sleep. Science, 2019, 363(6426): 455-456.
- 45. Besedovsky L, Lange T, Haack M. The sleep-immune crosstalk in health and disease. Physiol Rev, 2019, 99(3): 1325-1380.
- 46. 周淑娟. 浅谈药食同源在临床饮食调护中的应用. 影像研究与医学应用, 2017, 1(6): 198-199.
- 47. 姜程曦, 程锦国, 罗婷. 药食同源植物的营养价值分析. 安徽农业科学, 2015, 43(11): 282-284.
- 48. 曹庭栋, 焦娜. 老老恒言. 北京: 北京联合出版公司, 2016.
- 49. 赵余庆, 吴春福. 食疗与保健食品原料功能因子手册. 北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 2013.
- 50. 周桔丰, 蒙莉萍, 苏小玉, 等. 不同营养状况与慢性阻塞性肺病患者预后的相关性分析. 中华肺部疾病杂志(电子版), 2019, 12(1): 90-92.
- 51. 孟方方. 低蛋白血症对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期预后的影响. 中国现代医药杂志, 2013, 15(11): 45-46.
- 52. 李莎莎, 段凤英. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴营养不良的研究进展. 实用医学杂志, 2015, (11): 1885-1887.
- 53. Schols AM, Ferreira IM, Franssen FM, et al. Nutritional assessment and therapy in COPD: a European Respiratory Society statement. Eur Respir J, 2014, 44(6): 1504-1520.
- 54. Si ZL, Kang LL, Shen XB, et al. Adjuvant efficacy of nutrition support during pulmonary tuberculosis treating course: systematic review and meta-analysis. Chin Med J (Engl), 2015, 128(23): 3219-3230.
- 55. Ferreira IM, Brooks D, White J, et al. Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012, (12): CD000998.
- 56. Collins PF, Stratton RJ, Elia M. Nutritional support in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 2012, 95(6): 1385-1395.
- 57. Long H, Howells K, Peters S, et al. Does health coaching improve health-related quality of life and reduce hospital admissions in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Health Psychol, 2019, 24(3): 515-546.
- 58. 金玉玲, 邱昕光, 刘敏, 等. 老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期综合干预效果评价. 实用老年医学, 2015, 29(3): 229-231.
- 59. Park HJ, Byun MK, Kim HJ, et al. Dietary vitamin C intake protects against COPD: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2012. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2016, 11: 2721-2728.
- 60. Færk G, Çolak Y, Afzal S, et al. Low concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and long-term prognosis of COPD: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol, 2018, 33(6): 567-577.
- 61. Fonseca Wald ELA, van den Borst B, Gosker HR, et al. Dietary fibre and fatty acids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk and progression: a systematic review. Respirology, 2014, 19(2): 176-184.
- 62. van de Bool C, Rutten EPA, van Helvoort A, et al. A randomized clinical trial investigating the efficacy of targeted nutrition as adjunct to exercise training in COPD. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2017, 8(5): 748-758.
- 63. 薛君, 张雅楠, 宋昭赫, 等. 老年慢性阻塞性肺病稳定期患者家庭肠内营养治疗疗效观察. 中华老年病研究电子杂志, 2019, 6(3): 34-37.
- 64. Svetkey LP, Simons-Morton DG, Proschan MA, et al. Effect of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet and reduced sodium intake on blood pressure control. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2004, 6(7): 373-381.
- 65. Stewart RAH. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med, 2018, 379(14): 1388.
- 66. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Brinton EA, et al. Rationale and design of REDUCE-IT: Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial. Clin Cardiol, 2017, 40(3): 138-148.
- 67. 中国康复医学会心血管病专业委员会, 中国营养学会临床营养分会, 中华预防医学会慢性病预防与控制分会, 等. 心血管疾病营养处方专家共识. 中华内科杂志, 2014, 53(2): 151-158.
- 68. Sanches Machado d'Almeida K, Ronchi Spillere S, Zuchinali P, et al. Mediterranean diet and other dietary patterns in primary prevention of heart failure and changes in cardiac function markers: a systematic review. Nutrients, 2018, 10(1): E58.
- 69. 张荣欣, 李守濂. 老年心脑血管病患者长期肠内营养的疗效分析. 中华老年心脑血管病杂志, 2000, 2(3): 214.
- 70. Milne AC, Potter J, Vivanti A, et al. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009, (2): CD003288.
- 71. Chatindiara I, Williams V, Sycamore E, et al. Associations between nutrition risk status, body composition and physical performance among community-dwelling older adults. Aust N Z J Public Health, 2019, 43(1): 56-62.
- 72. Gómez CC, Bermejo L LM, Loria KV. Importance of a balanced omega 6/omega 3 ratio for the maintenance of health: nutritional recommendations. Nutr Hosp, 2011, 26(2): 323-329.
- 73. 陈蝶玲, 黄巍峰, 郑晓辉, 等. N3系多不饱和脂肪酸膳食参考摄入量的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2015, 36(11): 378-388.
- 74. Simopoulos A, Cleland LG, Christiansen E. Omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acid ratio: the scientific evidence. Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition, 2004, 48(1): 49-50.
- 75. Simopoulos AP. The omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio: health implications. OCL-Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides, 2010, 17(5): 267-275.
- 76. Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet, 2007, 369(9567): 1090-1098.
- 77. 中华医学会糖尿病学分会. 中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2013年版). 中国糖尿病杂志, 2014, 22(8): 2-42.
- 78. 中华医学会糖尿病学分会. 中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2017年版). 中华糖尿病杂志, 2018, 10(1): 4-67.
- 79. 中华医学会糖尿病学分会, 中国医师协会营养医师专业委员会. 中国糖尿病医学营养治疗指南(2013). 中华糖尿病杂志, 2015, 7(2): 73-88.
- 80. 中国营养学会. 中国居民膳食指南(2016). 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2017.
- 81. Brand-Miller J, Hayne S, Petocz P, et al. Low-glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care, 2003, 26(8): 2261-2267.
- 82. Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, et al. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med, 2000, 342(19): 1392-1398.
- 83. Mattila C, Knekt P, Männistö S, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2007, 30(10): 2569-2570.
- 84. Wu C, Qiu S, Zhu X, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism, 2017, 73: 67-76.
- 85. Collins AJ, Foley RN, Chavers B, et al. 'United States Renal Data System 2011 Annual Data Report: Atlas of chronic kidney disease & end-stage renal disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis, 2012, 59(1 Suppl 1): A7-A1.
- 86. 刘天生. 某院159例糖尿病肾病患者血液透析致肺部感染的危险因素分析及其干预对策. 抗感染药学, 2019, 16(4): 632-634.
- 87. Kopple JD. National kidney foundation K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis, 2001, 37(1 Suppl 2): S66-S70.
- 88. Cupisti A, Brunori G, Di Iorio BR, et al. Nutritional treatment of advanced CKD: twenty consensus statements. J Nephrol, 2018, 31(4): 457-473.
- 89. 国家卫生计生委. 行业标准《慢性肾脏病患者膳食指导》. Available from: http://std.samr.gov.cn/hb/search/stdHBDetailed?id=8B1827F25109BB19E05397BE0A0AB44A.
- 90. Ash S, Campbell KL, Bogard J, et al. Nutrition prescription to achieve positive outcomes in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Nutrients, 2014, 6(1): 416-451.
- 91. 赵旭, 兰祥莉, 陈容, 等. 混合淀粉主食在慢性肾脏病患者院外营养管理中的应用. 临床肾脏病杂志, 2019, 19(10): 743-747.
- 92. Malhotra V, Beniwal P, Pursnani L. Infections in chronic kidney disease. Clinical Queries: Nephrology, 2012, 1(4): 253-258.
- 93. Wright M, Southcott E, MacLaughlin H, et al. Clinical practice guideline on undernutrition in chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol, 2019, 20(1): 370.
- 94. Liu PJ, Ma F, Wang QY, et al. The effects of oral nutritional supplements in patients with maintenance dialysis therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS One, 2018, 13(9): e0203706.
- 95. Mas E, Barden A, Burke V, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of n-3 fatty acids on resolvins in chronic kidney disease. Clin Nutr, 2016, 35(2): 331-336.
- 96. Barden AE, Shinde S, Burke V, et al. The effect of n-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on neutrophil leukotrienes, mediators of inflammation resolution and myeloperoxidase in chronic kidney disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat, 2018, 136: 1-8.