Chinese guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of childhood obstructive sleep apnea (2020)_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

 Working Group of Chinese Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Childhood OSA , Subspecialty Group of Pediatrics, Society of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese Medical Association , Subspecialty Group of Respiratory Diseases, Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association , Society of Pediatric Surgery, Chinese Medical Association , Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery

Corresponding author：

Working Group of Chinese Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Childhood OSA, Email: nixin@bch.com.cn

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DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.202005147

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Citation： Working Group of Chinese Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Childhood OSA, Subspecialty Group of Pediatrics, Society of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese Medical Association, Subspecialty Group of Respiratory Diseases, Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association, Society of Pediatric Surgery, Chinese Medical Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. Chinese guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of childhood obstructive sleep apnea (2020). Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2020, 20(8): 883-900. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.202005147 Copy

1.	中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志编委会, 中华医学会耳鼻咽喉科学分会. 儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊疗指南草案(乌鲁木齐). 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2007, 42(2): 83-84.
2.	Marcus CL, Brooks LJ, Draper KA, et al. Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics, 2012, 130(3): e714-755.
3.	Li AM, So HK, Au CT, et al. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in chinese children: a two-phase community study. Thorax, 2010, 65(11): 991-997.
4.	Tan HL, Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Obstructive sleep apnea in children: a critical update. Nat Sci Sleep, 2013, 5: 109-123.
5.	Chan KC, Au CT, Hui LL, et al. Childhood OSA is an independent determinant of blood pressure in adulthood: longitudinal follow-up study. Thorax, 2020, 75(5): 422-431.
6.	Tseng P, Lee P, Hsu W, et al. A higher proportion of metabolic syndrome in Chinese subjects with sleep-disordered breathing: a case-control study based on electrocardiogram-derived sleep analysis. PLoS One, 2017, 12(1): e0169394.
7.	Shen Y, Xu Z, Shen K. Urinary leukotriene E4, obesity, and adenotonsillar hypertrophy in chinese children with sleep disordered breathing. Sleep, 2011, 34(8): 1135-1141.
8.	Kaditis AG, Alonso Alvarez ML, Boudewyns A, et al. Obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 2- to 18-year-old children: diagnosis and management. Eur Respir J, 2016, 47(1): 69-94.
9.	Villa MP, Brunetti L, Bruni O, et al. [Guidelines for the Diagnosis of Childhood Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome]. Minerva Pediatr, 2004, 56(3): 239-253.
10.	Section on Pediatric Pulmonology, Subcommittee on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics, 2002, 109(4): 704-712.
11.	Materia E, Baglio G, Bellussi L, et al. The clinical and organisational appropriateness of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy-an Italian perspective. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2005, 69(4): 497-500.
12.	Roland PS, Rosenfeld RM, Brooks LJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline: polysomnography for sleep-disordered breathing prior to tonsillectomy in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2011, 145(1 Suppl): S1-15.
13.	Villa Asensi JR, Martínez Carrasco C, Pérez Pérez G, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of sleep apnea-hypoapnea syndrome in children. An Pediatr (Barc), 2006, 65(4): 364-376.
14.	Berry RB, Albertario CL, Harding SM, et al. The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications (Version 2.5). Washington DC: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2018.
15.	Brietzke SE, Katz ES, Roberson DW. Can history and physical examination reliably diagnose pediatric obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome? A systematic review of the literature. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2004, 131(6): 827-832.
16.	Certal V, Catumbela E, Winck JC, et al. Clinical assessment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope, 2012, 122(9): 2105-2114.
17.	De Luca Canto G, Singh V, Major MP, et al. Diagnostic capability of questionnaires and clinical examinations to assess sleep-disordered breathing in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Dent Assoc, 2014, 145(2): 165-178.
18.	许志飞, 吴云肖, 冯国双, 等. 儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征多道睡眠监测诊断界值的探讨. 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2016, 51(11): 806-811.
19.	邓继岿, 郑跃杰, 袁雄伟. 多导睡眠图在儿童鼾症鉴别诊断中的应用研究. 生物医学工程与临床, 2005, 9(4): 220-221.
20.	Wang G, Xu Z, Tai J, et al. Normative values of polysomnographic parameters in chinese children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Sleep Med, 2016, (27-28): 49-53.
21.	Kaditis AG, Alonso AM, Boudewyns A, et al. ERS statement on obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 1- to 23-month-old children. Europ Res J, 2017, 50(6): 1700985.
22.	Sateia MJ. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications. Chest, 2014, 146(5): 1387-1394.
23.	Australasian Sleep Association. New Zealand guidelines for the assessment of sleep-disordered breathing in childhood. Wellington, New Zealand: Paediatric Sleep Medicine Clinical Network, 2014.
24.	Corso RM, Gregoretti C, Braghiroli A, et al. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: navigating through uncertainty. Anesthesiology, 2014, 121(3): 664-665.
25.	Nolan J, Brietzke SE. Systematic review of pediatric tonsil size and polysomnogram-measured obstructive sleep apnea severity. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2011, 144(6): 844-850.
26.	Mitchell RB, Garetz S, Moore RH, et al. The use of clinical parameters to predict obstructive sleep apnea syndrome severity in children: The childhood adenotonsillectomy (CHAT) study randomized clinical trial. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2015, 141(2): 130-136.
27.	Leitzen KP, Brietzke SE, Lindsay RW. Correlation between nasal anatomy and objective obstructive sleep apnea severity. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2014, 150(2): 325-331.
28.	Leonardis RL, Robison JG, Otteson TD. Evaluating the management of obstructive sleep apnea in neonates and infants. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2013, 139(2): 139-146.
29.	Katz ES, Mitchell RB, D'Ambrosio CM. Obstructive sleep apnea in infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012, 185(8): 805-816.
30.	Goroza E, Sagy M, Sagy N, et al. Severity assessment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in pediatric patients. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 2009, 48(5): 528-533.
31.	Brockmann PE, Schaefer C, Poets A, et al. Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in children: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev, 2013, 17(5): 331-340.
32.	Nixon GM, Kermack AS, Davis GM, et al. Planning adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: the role of overnight oximetry. Pediatrics, 2004, 113(1 Pt 1): e19-25.
33.	Brouillette R, Morielli A, et al. Nocturnal pulse oximetry as an abbreviated testing modality for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics, 2000, 105(2): 405-412.
34.	Spruyt K, Gozal D. Pediatric sleep questionnaires as diagnostic or epidemiological tools: a review of currently available instruments. Sleep Med Rev, 2011, 15(1): 19-32.
35.	Certal V, de Lima FF, Winck JC, et al. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the pediatric sleep questionnaire into portuguese language. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2015, 79(2): 175-178.
36.	Bertran K, Mesa T, Rosso K, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the spanish version of the pediatric sleep questionnaire for screening of obstructive sleep apnea in habitually snoring children. Sleep Med, 2015, 16(5): 631-636.
37.	Tomás VM, Miralles TA, Beseler SB. Spanish version of the pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ). A useful instrument in investigation of sleep disturbances in childhood. reliability analysis. An Pediatr (Barc), 2007, 66(2): 121-128.
38.	李晓丹, 邰隽, 许志飞, 等. 简体中文版儿童睡眠问卷应用于北京地区阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征儿童筛查的信度和效度评估. 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2016, 51(11): 812-818.
39.	Brodsky L. Modern assessment of tonsils and adenoids. Pediatr Clin North Am, 1989, 36(6): 1551-1569.
40.	Franco RA, Rosenfeld RM, Rao M. First place--resident clinical science award 1999. Quality of life for children with obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2000, 123(1 Pt 1): 9-16.
41.	Lee CH, Hsu WC, Chang WH, et al. Polysomnographic findings after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea in obese and non-obese children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Otolaryngol, 2016, 41(5): 498-510.
42.	Akkari M, Marianowski R, Chalumeau F, et al. French Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SFORL) guidelines concerning the role of otorhinolaryngologists in the management of paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: follow-up protocol for treated children. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis, 2018, 135(6): 427-431.
43.	Mitchell RB, Archer SM, Ishman SL, et al. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillectomy in children (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2019, 160(1_suppl): S1-S42.1-42.
44.	Baugh RF, Archer SM, Mitchell RB, et al. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillectomy in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2011, 144(1 Suppl): S1-30.
45.	Kuhle S, Urschitz MS. Anti-inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011, 1: D7074.
46.	陈曦, 李进让. 鼻用激素治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征疗效的 Meta 分析. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2015, 29(2): 9-11, 14.
47.	马冬梅, 徐佩茹. 孟鲁司特钠治疗轻度儿童睡眠呼吸障碍疗效的Meta分析. 中国全科医学, 2013, 16(32): 3828-3832.
48.	Liming BJ, Ryan M, Mack D, et al. Montelukast and nasal corticosteroids to treat pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2019, 160(4): 594-602.
49.	Zhang J, Chen J, Yin Y, et al. Therapeutic effects of different drugs on obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome in children. World J Pediatr, 2017, 13(6): 537-543.
50.	Katherine Clarridge MM. Neuropsychiatric events with the use of montelukast in pediatric patients. Washington D.C. U.S: FDA Joint Meeting of the Pediatric and Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committees, 2019.
51.	Pateron B, Marianowski R, Monteyrol PJ, et al. French Society of ENT (SFORL) Guidelines (Short Version) on the Roles of the Various Treatment Options in Childhood Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis, 2018, 135(4): 265-268.
52.	中华医学会儿科学分会呼吸学组睡眠协作组, 《中华实用儿科临床杂志》编辑委员会. 无创正压通气治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征专家共识(草案). 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2016, 31(19): 1451-1455.
53.	Camacho M, Chang ET, Song SA, et al. Rapid maxillary expansion for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope, 2017, 127(7): 1712-1719.
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55.	Vale F, Albergaria M, Carrilho E, et al. Efficacy of rapid maxillary expansion in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Evid Based Dent Pract, 2017, 17(3): 159-168.
56.	Seif-Eldin NF, Elkordy SA, Fayed MS, et al. Transverse skeletal effects of rapid maxillary expansion in pre and post pubertal subjects: a systematic review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci, 2019, 7(3): 467-477.
57.	Carvalho FR, Lentini-Oliveira DA, Prado LB, et al. Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, (10): CD005520.
58.	Yanyan M, Min Y, Xuemei G. Mandibular advancement appliances for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med, 2019, 60: 145-151.
59.	Andersen IG, Holm JC, Homøe P. Obstructive sleep apnea in obese children and adolescents, treatment methods and outcome of treatment - a systematic review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2016, 87: 190-197.
60.	Roche J, Gillet V, Perret F, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and sleep architecture in adolescents with severe obesity: effects of a 9-month lifestyle modification program based on regular exercise and a balanced diet. J Clin Sleep Med, 2018, 14(6): 967-976.
61.	中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会. 中华人民共和国卫生行业标准WS/T 586-2018: 学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查, 2018. Avialable at: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2018/03/20180329094554367.pdf.
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63.	Institute of Medicine. Clinical practice guidelines we can trust. Washington. DC: The National Academies Press, 2011.
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67.	国家儿童医学中心首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院, 中华医学会耳鼻咽喉头颈外科分会, 中华医学会小儿外科学分会, 等. 中国儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停诊疗指南计划书. 中国循证医学杂志, 2020, 20(1): 102-107.
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1. 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志编委会, 中华医学会耳鼻咽喉科学分会. 儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊疗指南草案(乌鲁木齐). 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2007, 42(2): 83-84.
2. Marcus CL, Brooks LJ, Draper KA, et al. Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics, 2012, 130(3): e714-755.
3. Li AM, So HK, Au CT, et al. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in chinese children: a two-phase community study. Thorax, 2010, 65(11): 991-997.
4. Tan HL, Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Obstructive sleep apnea in children: a critical update. Nat Sci Sleep, 2013, 5: 109-123.
5. Chan KC, Au CT, Hui LL, et al. Childhood OSA is an independent determinant of blood pressure in adulthood: longitudinal follow-up study. Thorax, 2020, 75(5): 422-431.
6. Tseng P, Lee P, Hsu W, et al. A higher proportion of metabolic syndrome in Chinese subjects with sleep-disordered breathing: a case-control study based on electrocardiogram-derived sleep analysis. PLoS One, 2017, 12(1): e0169394.
7. Shen Y, Xu Z, Shen K. Urinary leukotriene E4, obesity, and adenotonsillar hypertrophy in chinese children with sleep disordered breathing. Sleep, 2011, 34(8): 1135-1141.
8. Kaditis AG, Alonso Alvarez ML, Boudewyns A, et al. Obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 2- to 18-year-old children: diagnosis and management. Eur Respir J, 2016, 47(1): 69-94.
9. Villa MP, Brunetti L, Bruni O, et al. [Guidelines for the Diagnosis of Childhood Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome]. Minerva Pediatr, 2004, 56(3): 239-253.
10. Section on Pediatric Pulmonology, Subcommittee on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics, 2002, 109(4): 704-712.
11. Materia E, Baglio G, Bellussi L, et al. The clinical and organisational appropriateness of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy-an Italian perspective. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2005, 69(4): 497-500.
12. Roland PS, Rosenfeld RM, Brooks LJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline: polysomnography for sleep-disordered breathing prior to tonsillectomy in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2011, 145(1 Suppl): S1-15.
13. Villa Asensi JR, Martínez Carrasco C, Pérez Pérez G, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of sleep apnea-hypoapnea syndrome in children. An Pediatr (Barc), 2006, 65(4): 364-376.
14. Berry RB, Albertario CL, Harding SM, et al. The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications (Version 2.5). Washington DC: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2018.
15. Brietzke SE, Katz ES, Roberson DW. Can history and physical examination reliably diagnose pediatric obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome? A systematic review of the literature. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2004, 131(6): 827-832.
16. Certal V, Catumbela E, Winck JC, et al. Clinical assessment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope, 2012, 122(9): 2105-2114.
17. De Luca Canto G, Singh V, Major MP, et al. Diagnostic capability of questionnaires and clinical examinations to assess sleep-disordered breathing in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Dent Assoc, 2014, 145(2): 165-178.
18. 许志飞, 吴云肖, 冯国双, 等. 儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征多道睡眠监测诊断界值的探讨. 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2016, 51(11): 806-811.
19. 邓继岿, 郑跃杰, 袁雄伟. 多导睡眠图在儿童鼾症鉴别诊断中的应用研究. 生物医学工程与临床, 2005, 9(4): 220-221.
20. Wang G, Xu Z, Tai J, et al. Normative values of polysomnographic parameters in chinese children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Sleep Med, 2016, (27-28): 49-53.
21. Kaditis AG, Alonso AM, Boudewyns A, et al. ERS statement on obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 1- to 23-month-old children. Europ Res J, 2017, 50(6): 1700985.
22. Sateia MJ. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications. Chest, 2014, 146(5): 1387-1394.
23. Australasian Sleep Association. New Zealand guidelines for the assessment of sleep-disordered breathing in childhood. Wellington, New Zealand: Paediatric Sleep Medicine Clinical Network, 2014.
24. Corso RM, Gregoretti C, Braghiroli A, et al. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: navigating through uncertainty. Anesthesiology, 2014, 121(3): 664-665.
25. Nolan J, Brietzke SE. Systematic review of pediatric tonsil size and polysomnogram-measured obstructive sleep apnea severity. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2011, 144(6): 844-850.
26. Mitchell RB, Garetz S, Moore RH, et al. The use of clinical parameters to predict obstructive sleep apnea syndrome severity in children: The childhood adenotonsillectomy (CHAT) study randomized clinical trial. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2015, 141(2): 130-136.
27. Leitzen KP, Brietzke SE, Lindsay RW. Correlation between nasal anatomy and objective obstructive sleep apnea severity. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2014, 150(2): 325-331.
28. Leonardis RL, Robison JG, Otteson TD. Evaluating the management of obstructive sleep apnea in neonates and infants. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2013, 139(2): 139-146.
29. Katz ES, Mitchell RB, D'Ambrosio CM. Obstructive sleep apnea in infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012, 185(8): 805-816.
30. Goroza E, Sagy M, Sagy N, et al. Severity assessment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in pediatric patients. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 2009, 48(5): 528-533.
31. Brockmann PE, Schaefer C, Poets A, et al. Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in children: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev, 2013, 17(5): 331-340.
32. Nixon GM, Kermack AS, Davis GM, et al. Planning adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: the role of overnight oximetry. Pediatrics, 2004, 113(1 Pt 1): e19-25.
33. Brouillette R, Morielli A, et al. Nocturnal pulse oximetry as an abbreviated testing modality for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics, 2000, 105(2): 405-412.
34. Spruyt K, Gozal D. Pediatric sleep questionnaires as diagnostic or epidemiological tools: a review of currently available instruments. Sleep Med Rev, 2011, 15(1): 19-32.
35. Certal V, de Lima FF, Winck JC, et al. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the pediatric sleep questionnaire into portuguese language. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2015, 79(2): 175-178.
36. Bertran K, Mesa T, Rosso K, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the spanish version of the pediatric sleep questionnaire for screening of obstructive sleep apnea in habitually snoring children. Sleep Med, 2015, 16(5): 631-636.
37. Tomás VM, Miralles TA, Beseler SB. Spanish version of the pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ). A useful instrument in investigation of sleep disturbances in childhood. reliability analysis. An Pediatr (Barc), 2007, 66(2): 121-128.
38. 李晓丹, 邰隽, 许志飞, 等. 简体中文版儿童睡眠问卷应用于北京地区阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征儿童筛查的信度和效度评估. 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2016, 51(11): 812-818.
39. Brodsky L. Modern assessment of tonsils and adenoids. Pediatr Clin North Am, 1989, 36(6): 1551-1569.
40. Franco RA, Rosenfeld RM, Rao M. First place--resident clinical science award 1999. Quality of life for children with obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2000, 123(1 Pt 1): 9-16.
41. Lee CH, Hsu WC, Chang WH, et al. Polysomnographic findings after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea in obese and non-obese children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Otolaryngol, 2016, 41(5): 498-510.
42. Akkari M, Marianowski R, Chalumeau F, et al. French Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SFORL) guidelines concerning the role of otorhinolaryngologists in the management of paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: follow-up protocol for treated children. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis, 2018, 135(6): 427-431.
43. Mitchell RB, Archer SM, Ishman SL, et al. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillectomy in children (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2019, 160(1_suppl): S1-S42.1-42.
44. Baugh RF, Archer SM, Mitchell RB, et al. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillectomy in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2011, 144(1 Suppl): S1-30.
45. Kuhle S, Urschitz MS. Anti-inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011, 1: D7074.
46. 陈曦, 李进让. 鼻用激素治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征疗效的 Meta 分析. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2015, 29(2): 9-11, 14.
47. 马冬梅, 徐佩茹. 孟鲁司特钠治疗轻度儿童睡眠呼吸障碍疗效的Meta分析. 中国全科医学, 2013, 16(32): 3828-3832.
48. Liming BJ, Ryan M, Mack D, et al. Montelukast and nasal corticosteroids to treat pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2019, 160(4): 594-602.
49. Zhang J, Chen J, Yin Y, et al. Therapeutic effects of different drugs on obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome in children. World J Pediatr, 2017, 13(6): 537-543.
50. Katherine Clarridge MM. Neuropsychiatric events with the use of montelukast in pediatric patients. Washington D.C. U.S: FDA Joint Meeting of the Pediatric and Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committees, 2019.
51. Pateron B, Marianowski R, Monteyrol PJ, et al. French Society of ENT (SFORL) Guidelines (Short Version) on the Roles of the Various Treatment Options in Childhood Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis, 2018, 135(4): 265-268.
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Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Chinese guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of childhood obstructive sleep apnea (2020)

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