Guideline for the use of volume-targeted ventilation mode in neonatal respiratory support_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

 Evidence-Based Medicine Group, Neonatologist Society, Chinese Medical Doctor Association

;

Corresponding author：

Evidence-Based Medicine Group, Neonatologist Society, Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Email: tj1234753@sina.com

Keywords：

Volume-targeted ventilation; Guideline; Neonate

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.202110060

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Volume-targeted ventilation has been widely used in neonates requiring mechanical ventilation in recent years. However, as a novel method, its application involves risks. Based on domestic and international evidence, we developed a guideline for the use of volume-targeted ventilation in neonatal respiratory support using the grading of recommendations for assessment, development and evaluation of evidence (GRADE) method, to help neonatal healthcare professionals standardize the use of volume target ventilation.

Citation： Evidence-Based Medicine Group, Neonatologist Society, Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Guideline for the use of volume-targeted ventilation mode in neonatal respiratory support. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2022, 22(2): 125-133. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.202110060 Copy

1.	Slutsky AS. Lung injury caused by mechanical ventilation. Chest, 1999, 116(1 Suppl): 9S-15S.
2.	Moya FR, Mazela J, Shore PM, et al. Prospective observational study of early respiratory management in preterm neonates less than 35 weeks of gestation. BMC Pediatr, 2019, 19(1): 147.
3.	Hughes S. Modes of neonatal ventilation: breathe deeply. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am, 2018, 30(4): 523-531.
4.	Chow LC, Vanderhal A, Raber J, et al. Are tidal volume measurements in neonatal pressure-controlled ventilation accurate. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2002, 34(3): 196-202.
5.	Keszler M. Volume-targeted ventilation: one size does not fit all. Evidence-based recommendations for successful use. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2019, 104(1): F108-F112.
6.	Klingenberg C, Wheeler KI, McCallion N, et al. Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017, (10): CD003666.
7.	van Kaam AH, Rimensberger PC, Borensztajn D, et al. Ventilation practices in the neonatal intensive care unit: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatr, 2010, 157(5): 767-771.
8.	Gupta A, Keszler M. Survey of ventilation practices in the neonatal intensive care units of the united states and canada: use of volume-targeted ventilation and barriers to its use. Am J Perinatol, 2019, 36(5): 484-489.
9.	Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, et al. GRADE Handbook. Available at: https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html.
10.	GRADEpro GDT. GRADE your evidence and improve your guideline development in health care. Available at: https://gradepro.org.
11.	Organization World Health. WHO handbook for guideline development. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/145714/9789241548960_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
12.	Balshem H, Helfanda M, Schunemann HJ, 等. GRADE指南: Ⅲ. 证据质量分级. 中国循证医学杂志, 2011, 11(4): 451-455.
13.	Bhat P, Chowdhury O, Shetty S, et al. Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in infants born at or near term. Eur J Pediatr, 2016, 175(1): 89-95.
14.	Chen LJ, Chen JY. Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation for preterm infants. J Chin Med Assoc, 2019, 82(10): 791-794.
15.	Jain D, Claure N, D'Ugard C, et al. Volume guarantee ventilation: effect on preterm infants with frequent hypoxemia episodes. Neonatology, 2016, 110(2): 129-134.
16.	Wong S, Wang H, Tepper R, et al. Expired tidal volume variation in extremely low birth weight and very low birth weight infants on volume-targeted ventilation. J Pediatr, 2019, 207: 248-251.
17.	Polimeni V, Claure N, D'Ugard C, et al. Effects of volume-targeted synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation on spontaneous episodes of hypoxemia in preterm infants. Biol Neonate, 2006, 89(1): 50-55.
18.	Stefanescu BM, Frewan N, Slaughter JC, et al. Volume guarantee pressure support ventilation in extremely preterm infants and neurodevelopmental outcome at 18 months. J Perinatol, 2015, 35(6): 419-423.
19.	Ganguly A, Makkar A, Sekar K. Volume targeted ventilation and high frequency ventilation as the primary modes of respiratory support for elbw babies: what does the evidence say. Front Pediatr, 2020, 8: 27.
20.	Sánchez-Luna M, González-Pacheco N, Belik J, et al. New ventilator strategies: high-frequency oscillatory ventilation combined with volume guarantee. Am J Perinatol, 2018, 35(6): 545-548.
21.	Slutsky AS, Drazen FM, Ingram RH, et al. Effective pulmonary ventilation with small-volume oscillations at high frequency. Science, 1980, 209(4456): 609-671.
22.	Clark RH, Gerstmann DR, Null DM Jr, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of high-frequency oscillatory and conventional ventilation in respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics, 1992, 89(1): 5-12.
23.	Dimitriou G, Greenough A, Kavvadia V, et al. Volume delivery during high frequency oscillation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 1998, 78(2): F148-F150.
24.	Iscan B, Duman N, Tuzun F, et al. Impact of volume guarantee on high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in preterm infants: a randomized crossover clinical trial. Neonatology, 2015, 108(4): 277-282.
25.	Enomoto M, Keszler M, Sakuma M, et al. Effect of volume guarantee in preterm infants on high-frequency oscillatory ventilation: a pilot study. Am J Perinatol, 2017, 34(1): 26-30.
26.	Chen LJ, Chen JY. Effect of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation combined with volume guarantee on preterm infants with hypoxic respiratory failure. J Chin Med Assoc, 2019, 82(11): 861-864.
27.	Duman N, Tuzun F, Sutcuoglu S, et al. Impact of volume guarantee on synchronized ventilation in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med, 2012, 38(8): 1358-1364.
28.	Guven S, Bozdag S, Saner H, et al. Early neonatal outcomes of volume guaranteed ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2013, 26(4): 396-401.
29.	Lista G, Colnaghi M, Castoldi F, et al. Impact of targeted-volume ventilation on lung inflammatory response in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Pediatr Pulmonol, 2004, 37(6): 510-514.
30.	刘郴州, 黄碧茵, 谭宝莹, 等. 容量目标通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2016, 18(1): 6-9.
31.	刘郴州, 关浩锋, 左雪梅, 等. 容量目标压力控制+同步间歇指令通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2016, 31(6): 433-436.
32.	卢维城, 魏海波, 陈有平, 等. 容量目标通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的随机对照研究. 中国妇幼保健, 2018, 33(9): 2023-2025.
33.	Nafday SM, Green RS, Lin J, et al. Is there an advantage of using pressure support ventilation with volume guarantee in the initial management of premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. A pilot study. J Perinatol, 2005, 25(3): 193-197.
34.	Piotrowski A, Sobala W, Kawczyński P. Patient-initiated, pressure-regulated, volume-controlled ventilation compared with intermittent mandatory ventilation in neonates: a prospective, randomised study. Intensive Care Med, 1997, 23(9): 975-981.
35.	张新利, 刘海燕, 孙轶, 等. 目标容量控制通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2014, 29(2): 130-133.
36.	Erdemir A, Kahramaner Z, Turkoglu E, et al. Effects of synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation versus pressure support plus volume guarantee ventilation in the weaning phase of preterm infants. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2014, 15(3): 236-241.
37.	Singh J, Sinha SK, Alsop E, et al. Long term follow-up of very low birthweight infants from a neonatal volume versus pressure mechanical ventilation trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2009, 94(5): F360-F362.
38.	Cheema IU, Sinha AK, Kempley ST, et al. Impact of volume guarantee ventilation on arterial carbon dioxide tension in newborn infants: a randomised controlled trial. Early Hum Dev, 2007, 83(3): 183-189.
39.	Keszler M, Abubakar K. Volume guarantee: stability of tidal volume and incidence of hypocarbia. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2004, 38(3): 240-245.
40.	Lista G, Castoldi F, Bianchi S, et al. Volume guarantee versus high-frequency ventilation: lung inflammation in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2008, 93(4): F252-F256.
41.	刘文强, 徐艳, 韩爱民, 等. 两种不同通气模式在呼吸窘迫综合征早产儿撤机阶段的应用对比. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2018, 20(9): 729-733.
42.	Chowdhury O, Patel DS, Hannam S, et al. Randomised trial of volume-targeted ventilation versus pressure-limited ventilation in acute respiratory failure in prematurely born infants. Neonatology, 2013, 104(4): 290-294.
43.	Klingenberg C, Wheeler KI, Owen LS, et al. An international survey of volume-targeted neonatal ventilation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2011, 96(2): F146-F148.
44.	Hunt K, Dassios T, Ali K, et al. Volume targeting levels and work of breathing in infants with evolving or established bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2019, 104(1): F46-F49.
45.	Costa JD, Sadashiv S, Hesler J, et al. Tidal volume monitoring during emergency neonatal transport. J Perinatol, 2018, 38(12): 1631-1635.
46.	Belteki G, Szell A, Lantos L, et al. Volume guaranteed ventilation during neonatal transport. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2019, 20(12): 1170-1176.
47.	Lerman J. Neonatal anesthesia. Berlin: Springer, 2015: 217-218.
48.	Dawson C, Davies MW. Volume-targeted ventilation and arterial carbon dioxide in neonates. J Paediatr Child Health, 2005, 41(9-10): 518-521.
49.	Alkan Ozdemir S, Arun Ozer E, Ilhan O, et al. Impact of targeted-volume ventilation on pulmonary dynamics in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2017, 52(2): 213-216.
50.	Dani C, Bertini G, Pezzati M, et al. Effects of pressure support ventilation plus volume guarantee vs. high-frequency oscillatory ventilation on lung inflammation in preterm infants. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2006, 41(3): 242-249.
51.	刘翠青, 崔泽, 夏耀方, 等. 目标容量控制通气治疗重症新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的前瞻性随机对照研究. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2011, 13(9): 696-699.
52.	Scopesi F, Risso FM, Sannia A, et al. The proper tidal volume target using volume guarantee ventilation in the course of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: a crucial endpoint. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2010, 23(7): 692-694.
53.	Unal S, Ergenekon E, Aktas S, et al. Effects of volume guaranteed ventilation combined with two different modes in preterm infants. Respir Care, 2017, 62(12): 1525-1532.
54.	Chowdhury O, Rafferty GF, Lee S, et al. Volume-targeted ventilation in infants born at or near term. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2012, 97(4): F264-F266.
55.	Sharma S, Clark S, Abubakar K, et al. Tidal volume requirement in mechanically ventilated infants with meconium aspiration syndrome. Am J Perinatol, 2015, 32(10): 916-919.
56.	Nassabeh-Montazami S, Abubakar KM, Keszler M. The impact of instrumental dead-space in volume-targeted ventilation of the extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2009, 44(2): 128-133.
57.	Shah S, Kaul A. Volume targeted ventilation and arterial carbon dioxide in extremely preterm infants. J Neonatal Perinatal Med, 2013, 6(4): 339-344.
58.	Keszler M, Nassabeh-Montazami S, Abubakar K. Evolution of tidal volume requirement during the first 3 weeks of life in infants <800g ventilated with volume guarantee. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2009, 94(4): F279-F282.
59.	Bhutani VK, Ritchie WG, Shaffer TH. Acquired tracheomegaly in very preterm neonates. Am J Dis Child, 1986, 140(5): 449-452.
60.	Abman SH, Nelin LD. Management of the infant with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In: Bancalari E, ed. The newborn lung: neonatology questions and controversies. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Saunders, 2012: 407-425.
61.	Abman SH, Collaco JM, Shepherd EG, et al. Interdisciplinary care of children with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr, 2017, 181: 12-28.
62.	Tuzun F, Deliloglu B, Cengiz MM, et al. Volume guarantee high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in preterm infants with RDS: tidal volume and DCO 2 levels for optimal ventilation using open-lung strategies. Front Pediatr, 2020, 8: 105.
63.	Belteki G, Morley CJ. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation with volume guarantee: a single-centre experience. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2019, 104(4): F384-F389.

1. Slutsky AS. Lung injury caused by mechanical ventilation. Chest, 1999, 116(1 Suppl): 9S-15S.
2. Moya FR, Mazela J, Shore PM, et al. Prospective observational study of early respiratory management in preterm neonates less than 35 weeks of gestation. BMC Pediatr, 2019, 19(1): 147.
3. Hughes S. Modes of neonatal ventilation: breathe deeply. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am, 2018, 30(4): 523-531.
4. Chow LC, Vanderhal A, Raber J, et al. Are tidal volume measurements in neonatal pressure-controlled ventilation accurate. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2002, 34(3): 196-202.
5. Keszler M. Volume-targeted ventilation: one size does not fit all. Evidence-based recommendations for successful use. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2019, 104(1): F108-F112.
6. Klingenberg C, Wheeler KI, McCallion N, et al. Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017, (10): CD003666.
7. van Kaam AH, Rimensberger PC, Borensztajn D, et al. Ventilation practices in the neonatal intensive care unit: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatr, 2010, 157(5): 767-771.
8. Gupta A, Keszler M. Survey of ventilation practices in the neonatal intensive care units of the united states and canada: use of volume-targeted ventilation and barriers to its use. Am J Perinatol, 2019, 36(5): 484-489.
9. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, et al. GRADE Handbook. Available at: https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html.
10. GRADEpro GDT. GRADE your evidence and improve your guideline development in health care. Available at: https://gradepro.org.
11. Organization World Health. WHO handbook for guideline development. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/145714/9789241548960_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
12. Balshem H, Helfanda M, Schunemann HJ, 等. GRADE指南: Ⅲ. 证据质量分级. 中国循证医学杂志, 2011, 11(4): 451-455.
13. Bhat P, Chowdhury O, Shetty S, et al. Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in infants born at or near term. Eur J Pediatr, 2016, 175(1): 89-95.
14. Chen LJ, Chen JY. Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation for preterm infants. J Chin Med Assoc, 2019, 82(10): 791-794.
15. Jain D, Claure N, D'Ugard C, et al. Volume guarantee ventilation: effect on preterm infants with frequent hypoxemia episodes. Neonatology, 2016, 110(2): 129-134.
16. Wong S, Wang H, Tepper R, et al. Expired tidal volume variation in extremely low birth weight and very low birth weight infants on volume-targeted ventilation. J Pediatr, 2019, 207: 248-251.
17. Polimeni V, Claure N, D'Ugard C, et al. Effects of volume-targeted synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation on spontaneous episodes of hypoxemia in preterm infants. Biol Neonate, 2006, 89(1): 50-55.
18. Stefanescu BM, Frewan N, Slaughter JC, et al. Volume guarantee pressure support ventilation in extremely preterm infants and neurodevelopmental outcome at 18 months. J Perinatol, 2015, 35(6): 419-423.
19. Ganguly A, Makkar A, Sekar K. Volume targeted ventilation and high frequency ventilation as the primary modes of respiratory support for elbw babies: what does the evidence say. Front Pediatr, 2020, 8: 27.
20. Sánchez-Luna M, González-Pacheco N, Belik J, et al. New ventilator strategies: high-frequency oscillatory ventilation combined with volume guarantee. Am J Perinatol, 2018, 35(6): 545-548.
21. Slutsky AS, Drazen FM, Ingram RH, et al. Effective pulmonary ventilation with small-volume oscillations at high frequency. Science, 1980, 209(4456): 609-671.
22. Clark RH, Gerstmann DR, Null DM Jr, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of high-frequency oscillatory and conventional ventilation in respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics, 1992, 89(1): 5-12.
23. Dimitriou G, Greenough A, Kavvadia V, et al. Volume delivery during high frequency oscillation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 1998, 78(2): F148-F150.
24. Iscan B, Duman N, Tuzun F, et al. Impact of volume guarantee on high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in preterm infants: a randomized crossover clinical trial. Neonatology, 2015, 108(4): 277-282.
25. Enomoto M, Keszler M, Sakuma M, et al. Effect of volume guarantee in preterm infants on high-frequency oscillatory ventilation: a pilot study. Am J Perinatol, 2017, 34(1): 26-30.
26. Chen LJ, Chen JY. Effect of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation combined with volume guarantee on preterm infants with hypoxic respiratory failure. J Chin Med Assoc, 2019, 82(11): 861-864.
27. Duman N, Tuzun F, Sutcuoglu S, et al. Impact of volume guarantee on synchronized ventilation in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med, 2012, 38(8): 1358-1364.
28. Guven S, Bozdag S, Saner H, et al. Early neonatal outcomes of volume guaranteed ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2013, 26(4): 396-401.
29. Lista G, Colnaghi M, Castoldi F, et al. Impact of targeted-volume ventilation on lung inflammatory response in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Pediatr Pulmonol, 2004, 37(6): 510-514.
30. 刘郴州, 黄碧茵, 谭宝莹, 等. 容量目标通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2016, 18(1): 6-9.
31. 刘郴州, 关浩锋, 左雪梅, 等. 容量目标压力控制+同步间歇指令通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2016, 31(6): 433-436.
32. 卢维城, 魏海波, 陈有平, 等. 容量目标通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的随机对照研究. 中国妇幼保健, 2018, 33(9): 2023-2025.
33. Nafday SM, Green RS, Lin J, et al. Is there an advantage of using pressure support ventilation with volume guarantee in the initial management of premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. A pilot study. J Perinatol, 2005, 25(3): 193-197.
34. Piotrowski A, Sobala W, Kawczyński P. Patient-initiated, pressure-regulated, volume-controlled ventilation compared with intermittent mandatory ventilation in neonates: a prospective, randomised study. Intensive Care Med, 1997, 23(9): 975-981.
35. 张新利, 刘海燕, 孙轶, 等. 目标容量控制通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2014, 29(2): 130-133.
36. Erdemir A, Kahramaner Z, Turkoglu E, et al. Effects of synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation versus pressure support plus volume guarantee ventilation in the weaning phase of preterm infants. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2014, 15(3): 236-241.
37. Singh J, Sinha SK, Alsop E, et al. Long term follow-up of very low birthweight infants from a neonatal volume versus pressure mechanical ventilation trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2009, 94(5): F360-F362.
38. Cheema IU, Sinha AK, Kempley ST, et al. Impact of volume guarantee ventilation on arterial carbon dioxide tension in newborn infants: a randomised controlled trial. Early Hum Dev, 2007, 83(3): 183-189.
39. Keszler M, Abubakar K. Volume guarantee: stability of tidal volume and incidence of hypocarbia. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2004, 38(3): 240-245.
40. Lista G, Castoldi F, Bianchi S, et al. Volume guarantee versus high-frequency ventilation: lung inflammation in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2008, 93(4): F252-F256.
41. 刘文强, 徐艳, 韩爱民, 等. 两种不同通气模式在呼吸窘迫综合征早产儿撤机阶段的应用对比. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2018, 20(9): 729-733.
42. Chowdhury O, Patel DS, Hannam S, et al. Randomised trial of volume-targeted ventilation versus pressure-limited ventilation in acute respiratory failure in prematurely born infants. Neonatology, 2013, 104(4): 290-294.
43. Klingenberg C, Wheeler KI, Owen LS, et al. An international survey of volume-targeted neonatal ventilation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2011, 96(2): F146-F148.
44. Hunt K, Dassios T, Ali K, et al. Volume targeting levels and work of breathing in infants with evolving or established bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2019, 104(1): F46-F49.
45. Costa JD, Sadashiv S, Hesler J, et al. Tidal volume monitoring during emergency neonatal transport. J Perinatol, 2018, 38(12): 1631-1635.
46. Belteki G, Szell A, Lantos L, et al. Volume guaranteed ventilation during neonatal transport. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2019, 20(12): 1170-1176.
47. Lerman J. Neonatal anesthesia. Berlin: Springer, 2015: 217-218.
48. Dawson C, Davies MW. Volume-targeted ventilation and arterial carbon dioxide in neonates. J Paediatr Child Health, 2005, 41(9-10): 518-521.
49. Alkan Ozdemir S, Arun Ozer E, Ilhan O, et al. Impact of targeted-volume ventilation on pulmonary dynamics in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2017, 52(2): 213-216.
50. Dani C, Bertini G, Pezzati M, et al. Effects of pressure support ventilation plus volume guarantee vs. high-frequency oscillatory ventilation on lung inflammation in preterm infants. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2006, 41(3): 242-249.
51. 刘翠青, 崔泽, 夏耀方, 等. 目标容量控制通气治疗重症新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的前瞻性随机对照研究. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2011, 13(9): 696-699.
52. Scopesi F, Risso FM, Sannia A, et al. The proper tidal volume target using volume guarantee ventilation in the course of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: a crucial endpoint. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2010, 23(7): 692-694.
53. Unal S, Ergenekon E, Aktas S, et al. Effects of volume guaranteed ventilation combined with two different modes in preterm infants. Respir Care, 2017, 62(12): 1525-1532.
54. Chowdhury O, Rafferty GF, Lee S, et al. Volume-targeted ventilation in infants born at or near term. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2012, 97(4): F264-F266.
55. Sharma S, Clark S, Abubakar K, et al. Tidal volume requirement in mechanically ventilated infants with meconium aspiration syndrome. Am J Perinatol, 2015, 32(10): 916-919.
56. Nassabeh-Montazami S, Abubakar KM, Keszler M. The impact of instrumental dead-space in volume-targeted ventilation of the extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2009, 44(2): 128-133.
57. Shah S, Kaul A. Volume targeted ventilation and arterial carbon dioxide in extremely preterm infants. J Neonatal Perinatal Med, 2013, 6(4): 339-344.
58. Keszler M, Nassabeh-Montazami S, Abubakar K. Evolution of tidal volume requirement during the first 3 weeks of life in infants <800g ventilated with volume guarantee. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2009, 94(4): F279-F282.
59. Bhutani VK, Ritchie WG, Shaffer TH. Acquired tracheomegaly in very preterm neonates. Am J Dis Child, 1986, 140(5): 449-452.
60. Abman SH, Nelin LD. Management of the infant with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In: Bancalari E, ed. The newborn lung: neonatology questions and controversies. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Saunders, 2012: 407-425.
61. Abman SH, Collaco JM, Shepherd EG, et al. Interdisciplinary care of children with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr, 2017, 181: 12-28.
62. Tuzun F, Deliloglu B, Cengiz MM, et al. Volume guarantee high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in preterm infants with RDS: tidal volume and DCO 2 levels for optimal ventilation using open-lung strategies. Front Pediatr, 2020, 8: 105.
63. Belteki G, Morley CJ. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation with volume guarantee: a single-centre experience. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2019, 104(4): F384-F389.

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