自身免疫性脑炎继发癫痫风险的研究进展_Journal of Epilepsy

Authors：

邓阳燕 ,  陈阳美

重庆医科大学附属第二医院神经内科（重庆 400010）;

Corresponding author：

陈阳美, Email: chenym1997@cqmu.edu.cn

Keywords：

自身免疫性脑炎; 抗神经元表面抗体; 抗神经元细胞内抗体; 癫痫; 风险

DOI：

10.7507/2096-0247.20190035

Video：

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癫痫是一种具有持续致痫倾向的慢性脑功能紊乱。引起癫痫的病因非常复杂，近年来提出中枢神经系统免疫炎症与癫痫发生有关，随着越来越多针对神经元自身抗体相关性脑炎被诊断，为该假说提供更多依据。实际上大多数自身免疫性脑炎（Autoimmune encephalitis，AE）都伴有癫痫发作，但继发癫痫的可能性相对较小。现就不同类型 AE 继发癫痫风险作一综述。

Citation： 邓阳燕, 陈阳美. 自身免疫性脑炎继发癫痫风险的研究进展. Journal of Epilepsy, 2019, 5(3): 196-199. doi: 10.7507/2096-0247.20190035 Copy

1.	Dalmau J, Graus F. Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(9): 840-851.
2.	Spatola M, Dalmau J. Seizures and risk of epilepsy in autoimmune and other inflammatory encephalitis. Curr Opin Neurol, 2017, 30(3): 345-353.
3.	Mihailović LT, Cupić D. Epileptiform activity evoked by intracerebral injection of anti-brain antibodies. Brain Res, 1971, 32(1): 97-124.
4.	Baram TZ, Mitchell WG, Tournay A, et al. High-dose corticotropin (ACTH) versus prednisone for infantile spasms: a prospective, randomized, blinded study. Pediatrics, 1996, 97(3): 375-379.
5.	Ong MS, Kohane IS, Cai T, et al. Population-level evidence for an autoimmune etiology of epilepsy. JAMA Neurol, 2014, 71(5): 569-574.
6.	Emsley HC, Appleton RE, Whitmore CL, et al. Variations in inflammation-related genes may be associated with childhood febrile seizure susceptibility. Seizure, 2014, 23(6): 457-461.
7.	Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(4): 475-482.
8.	Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(4): 512-521.
9.	Geis C, Planagumà J, Carreño M, et al. Autoimmune seizures and epilepsy. J Clin Invest, 2019, 129(3): 926-940.
10.	Vezzani A, Dingledine R, Rossetti AO. Immunity and inflammation in status epilepticus and its sequelae: possibilities for therapeutic application. Expert Rev Neurother, 2015, 15(9): 1081-1092.
11.	van Vliet EA, Aronica E, Vezzani A, et al. Review: Neuroinflammatory pathways as treatment targets and biomarker candidates in epilepsy: emerging evidence from preclinical and clinical studies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 2018, 44(1): 91-111.
12.	Viaccoz A, Desestret V, Ducray F, et al. Clinical specificities of adult male patients with NMDA receptor antibodies encephalitis. Neurology, 2014, 82(7): 556-563.
13.	Titulaer MJ, Dalmau J. Seizures as first symptom of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis are more common in men. Neurology, 2014, 82(7): 550-551.
14.	Liu X, Yan B, Wang R, et al. Seizure outcomes in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis: A follow-up study. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(12): 2104-2111.
15.	Huang Q, Ma M, Wei X, et al. Characteristics of seizure and antiepileptic drug utilization in outpatients with autoimmune encephalitis. Front Neurol, 2018, 9: 1136.
16.	Armangue T, Petit-Pedrol M, Dalmau J. Autoimmune encephalitis in children. J Child Neurol, 2012, 27(11): 1460-1469.
17.	Sai Y, Zhang X, Feng M,, et al. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of pediatric anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: A single center retrospective study. Exp Ther Med, 2018, 16(2): 1442-1448.
18.	Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol, 2013, 12(2): 157-165.
19.	Miya K, Takahashi Y, Mori H. Anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis. Brain Dev, 2014, 36(8): 645-652.
20.	Ramanathan S, Mohammad SS, Brilot F, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis: recent updates and emerging challenges. J Clin Neurosci, 2014, 21(5): 722-730.
21.	Huang Q, Wu Y, Qin R, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes between children and adults with anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis. J Neurol, 2016, 263(12): 2446-2455.
22.	Zekeridou A, Karantoni E, Viaccoz A, et al. Treatment and outcome of children and adolescents with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. J Neurol, 2015, 262(8): 1859-1866.
23.	Feyissa AM, Lòpez CAS, Britton JW. Antiepileptic drug therapy in patients with autoimmune epilepsy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 2017, 4(4): e353.
24.	张梅娟, 管得宁, 王晓云, 等. 面臂肌张力障碍型癫痫的临床特征以及预后. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2018, 25(06): 443-446.
25.	Navarro V, Kas A, Apartis E, et al. Motor cortex and hippocampus are the two main cortical targets in LGI1-antibody encephalitis. Brain, 2016, 139(Pt 4): 1079-1093.
26.	Malter MP, Frisch C, Schoene-Bake JC, et al. Outcome of limbic encephalitis with VGKC-complex antibodies: relation to antigenic specificity. J Neurol, 2014, 261(9): 1695-705.
27.	van Sonderen A, Thijs RD, Coenders EC, et al. Anti-LGI1 encephalitis: Clinical syndrome and long-term follow-up. Neurology, 2016, 87(14): 1449-1456.
28.	Petit-Pedrol M, Armangue T, Peng X, et al. Encephalitis with refractory seizures, status epilepticus, and antibodies to the GABAA receptor: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol, 2014, 13(3): 276-286.
29.	Spatola M, Petit-Pedrol M, Simabukuro MM, et al. Investigations in GABAA receptor antibody-associated encephalitis. Neurology, 2017, 88(11): 1012-1020.
30.	Lancaster E, Lai M, Peng X, et al. Antibodies to the GABA(B) receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures: case series and characterisation of the antigen. Lancet Neurol, 2010, 9(1): 67-76.
31.	Chen X, Liu F, Li JM, et al. Encephalitis with antibodies against the GABAB receptor: seizures as the most common presentation at admission. Neurol Res, 2017, 39(11): 973-980.
32.	Cui J, Bu H, He J, et al. The gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptor (GABAB) encephalitis: clinical manifestations and response to immunotherapy. Int J Neurosci, 2018, 128(7): 627-633.
33.	Di PF, Mader S, Rostasy K, et al. Temporal dynamics of anti-MOG antibodies in CNS demyelinating diseases. Clin Immunol, 2011, 138(3): 2472-54.
34.	Hino-Fukuyo N, Haginoya K, Nakashima I, et al. Clinical features and long-term outcome of a group of Japanese children with inflammatory central nervous system disorders and seropositivity to myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies. Brain Dev, 2015, 37(9): 849-852.
35.	Rossor T, Benetou C, Wright S, et al. Early predictors of epilepsy and subsequent relapse in children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Mult Scler, 2019: 1352458518823486.
36.	Shavit YB, Graus F, Probst A, et al. Epilepsia partialis continua: a new manifestation of anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Ann Neurol, 1999, 45(2): 255-258.
37.	Bernal F, Graus F, Pifarré A, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol, 2002, 103(5): 509-515.
38.	Veri K, Uibo O, Talvik T, et al. Newly-diagnosed pediatric epilepsy is associated with elevated autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase but not cardiolipin. Epilepsy Res, 2013, 105(1-2): 86-91.
39.	Liimatainen S, Peltola M, Sabater L, et al. Clinical significance of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(5): 760-767.
40.	Daif A, Lukas RV, Issa NP, et al. Antiglutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) antibody-associated epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2018, 80: 331-336.
41.	Malter MP, Frisch C, Zeitler H, et al. Treatment of immune-mediated temporal lobe epilepsy with GAD antibodies. Seizure, 2015, 30: 57-63.
42.	Castellano JF, Meyer JA, Lado FA. A Case Series of Adult-Onset Rasmussen's Encephalitis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges. Front Neurol, 2017, 8: 564.
43.	Yeshokumar AK, Pardo CA. Autoimmune Epilepsies. Semin Pediatr Neurol, 2017, 24(3): 161-167.
44.	Bien CG, Schramm J. Treatment of Rasmussen encephalitis half a century after its initial description: promising prospects and a dilemma. Epilepsy Res, 2009, 86(2-3): 101-112.
45.	董军, 张鹏, 陈阳美. 新发难治性癫痫持续状态研究进展. 癫痫杂志, 2019, 5(01): 30-33.
46.	Meletti S, Giovannini G, d'Orsi G, et al. New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus with Claustrum Damage: Definition of the Clinical and Neuroimaging Features. Front Neurol, 2017, 8: 111.

1. Dalmau J, Graus F. Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(9): 840-851.
2. Spatola M, Dalmau J. Seizures and risk of epilepsy in autoimmune and other inflammatory encephalitis. Curr Opin Neurol, 2017, 30(3): 345-353.
3. Mihailović LT, Cupić D. Epileptiform activity evoked by intracerebral injection of anti-brain antibodies. Brain Res, 1971, 32(1): 97-124.
4. Baram TZ, Mitchell WG, Tournay A, et al. High-dose corticotropin (ACTH) versus prednisone for infantile spasms: a prospective, randomized, blinded study. Pediatrics, 1996, 97(3): 375-379.
5. Ong MS, Kohane IS, Cai T, et al. Population-level evidence for an autoimmune etiology of epilepsy. JAMA Neurol, 2014, 71(5): 569-574.
6. Emsley HC, Appleton RE, Whitmore CL, et al. Variations in inflammation-related genes may be associated with childhood febrile seizure susceptibility. Seizure, 2014, 23(6): 457-461.
7. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(4): 475-482.
8. Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(4): 512-521.
9. Geis C, Planagumà J, Carreño M, et al. Autoimmune seizures and epilepsy. J Clin Invest, 2019, 129(3): 926-940.
10. Vezzani A, Dingledine R, Rossetti AO. Immunity and inflammation in status epilepticus and its sequelae: possibilities for therapeutic application. Expert Rev Neurother, 2015, 15(9): 1081-1092.
11. van Vliet EA, Aronica E, Vezzani A, et al. Review: Neuroinflammatory pathways as treatment targets and biomarker candidates in epilepsy: emerging evidence from preclinical and clinical studies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 2018, 44(1): 91-111.
12. Viaccoz A, Desestret V, Ducray F, et al. Clinical specificities of adult male patients with NMDA receptor antibodies encephalitis. Neurology, 2014, 82(7): 556-563.
13. Titulaer MJ, Dalmau J. Seizures as first symptom of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis are more common in men. Neurology, 2014, 82(7): 550-551.
14. Liu X, Yan B, Wang R, et al. Seizure outcomes in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis: A follow-up study. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(12): 2104-2111.
15. Huang Q, Ma M, Wei X, et al. Characteristics of seizure and antiepileptic drug utilization in outpatients with autoimmune encephalitis. Front Neurol, 2018, 9: 1136.
16. Armangue T, Petit-Pedrol M, Dalmau J. Autoimmune encephalitis in children. J Child Neurol, 2012, 27(11): 1460-1469.
17. Sai Y, Zhang X, Feng M,, et al. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of pediatric anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: A single center retrospective study. Exp Ther Med, 2018, 16(2): 1442-1448.
18. Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol, 2013, 12(2): 157-165.
19. Miya K, Takahashi Y, Mori H. Anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis. Brain Dev, 2014, 36(8): 645-652.
20. Ramanathan S, Mohammad SS, Brilot F, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis: recent updates and emerging challenges. J Clin Neurosci, 2014, 21(5): 722-730.
21. Huang Q, Wu Y, Qin R, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes between children and adults with anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis. J Neurol, 2016, 263(12): 2446-2455.
22. Zekeridou A, Karantoni E, Viaccoz A, et al. Treatment and outcome of children and adolescents with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. J Neurol, 2015, 262(8): 1859-1866.
23. Feyissa AM, Lòpez CAS, Britton JW. Antiepileptic drug therapy in patients with autoimmune epilepsy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 2017, 4(4): e353.
24. 张梅娟, 管得宁, 王晓云, 等. 面臂肌张力障碍型癫痫的临床特征以及预后. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2018, 25(06): 443-446.
25. Navarro V, Kas A, Apartis E, et al. Motor cortex and hippocampus are the two main cortical targets in LGI1-antibody encephalitis. Brain, 2016, 139(Pt 4): 1079-1093.
26. Malter MP, Frisch C, Schoene-Bake JC, et al. Outcome of limbic encephalitis with VGKC-complex antibodies: relation to antigenic specificity. J Neurol, 2014, 261(9): 1695-705.
27. van Sonderen A, Thijs RD, Coenders EC, et al. Anti-LGI1 encephalitis: Clinical syndrome and long-term follow-up. Neurology, 2016, 87(14): 1449-1456.
28. Petit-Pedrol M, Armangue T, Peng X, et al. Encephalitis with refractory seizures, status epilepticus, and antibodies to the GABAA receptor: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol, 2014, 13(3): 276-286.
29. Spatola M, Petit-Pedrol M, Simabukuro MM, et al. Investigations in GABAA receptor antibody-associated encephalitis. Neurology, 2017, 88(11): 1012-1020.
30. Lancaster E, Lai M, Peng X, et al. Antibodies to the GABA(B) receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures: case series and characterisation of the antigen. Lancet Neurol, 2010, 9(1): 67-76.
31. Chen X, Liu F, Li JM, et al. Encephalitis with antibodies against the GABAB receptor: seizures as the most common presentation at admission. Neurol Res, 2017, 39(11): 973-980.
32. Cui J, Bu H, He J, et al. The gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptor (GABAB) encephalitis: clinical manifestations and response to immunotherapy. Int J Neurosci, 2018, 128(7): 627-633.
33. Di PF, Mader S, Rostasy K, et al. Temporal dynamics of anti-MOG antibodies in CNS demyelinating diseases. Clin Immunol, 2011, 138(3): 2472-54.
34. Hino-Fukuyo N, Haginoya K, Nakashima I, et al. Clinical features and long-term outcome of a group of Japanese children with inflammatory central nervous system disorders and seropositivity to myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies. Brain Dev, 2015, 37(9): 849-852.
35. Rossor T, Benetou C, Wright S, et al. Early predictors of epilepsy and subsequent relapse in children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Mult Scler, 2019: 1352458518823486.
36. Shavit YB, Graus F, Probst A, et al. Epilepsia partialis continua: a new manifestation of anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Ann Neurol, 1999, 45(2): 255-258.
37. Bernal F, Graus F, Pifarré A, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol, 2002, 103(5): 509-515.
38. Veri K, Uibo O, Talvik T, et al. Newly-diagnosed pediatric epilepsy is associated with elevated autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase but not cardiolipin. Epilepsy Res, 2013, 105(1-2): 86-91.
39. Liimatainen S, Peltola M, Sabater L, et al. Clinical significance of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(5): 760-767.
40. Daif A, Lukas RV, Issa NP, et al. Antiglutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) antibody-associated epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2018, 80: 331-336.
41. Malter MP, Frisch C, Zeitler H, et al. Treatment of immune-mediated temporal lobe epilepsy with GAD antibodies. Seizure, 2015, 30: 57-63.
42. Castellano JF, Meyer JA, Lado FA. A Case Series of Adult-Onset Rasmussen's Encephalitis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges. Front Neurol, 2017, 8: 564.
43. Yeshokumar AK, Pardo CA. Autoimmune Epilepsies. Semin Pediatr Neurol, 2017, 24(3): 161-167.
44. Bien CG, Schramm J. Treatment of Rasmussen encephalitis half a century after its initial description: promising prospects and a dilemma. Epilepsy Res, 2009, 86(2-3): 101-112.
45. 董军, 张鹏, 陈阳美. 新发难治性癫痫持续状态研究进展. 癫痫杂志, 2019, 5(01): 30-33.
46. Meletti S, Giovannini G, d'Orsi G, et al. New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus with Claustrum Damage: Definition of the Clinical and Neuroimaging Features. Front Neurol, 2017, 8: 111.

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