- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Peking University , Beijing 100034, China;
WU Xun,
Email: bxtong@163.com
Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) not only have disruption of the patients by seizure, but also influence the quality of life, cognitive function and social association, as well as development delay even retrogression for children. Epilepsy surgery is the only curative treatment currently available for focal lesional pharmacoresistant epilepsy, five years complete seizure freedom rates was around 60% after surgery. The criterion of surgical intervention at present is achievement for the diagnosis of DRE, thereafter consideration of early epilepsy surgery, but these maybe a long-term duration. Recent advance in examine methods and surgical techniques have improved the surgical treatment of epilepsy, to such patient with focal lesional structure abnormality, before the DRE emergence, under the discussion of the multidisciplinary team. Children under 3 years old, the brain have greater neural plasticity, early surgical treatment is expected at allow the healthy brain to recover and develop the language function and quality of life. Numerous cause may pose abstracts to the delay of surgical intervention: (1) diagnosis delay; (2) patient himself and their familiar recognize that there have same risk of surgical treatment; (3) the primary doctor firmly believe that epilepsy surgery is the ultimate methods; (4) special problems of the patient, such including: age, comorbidity, and the location of symptom, EEG as well as imaging non-conformation.
Copyright © the editorial department of Journal of Epilepsy of West China Medical Publisher. All rights reserved
| 1. | Engel Jr J, McDermott M P, Wiebe S, et al. Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. JAMA, 2012, 307(9): 922-930. |
| 2. | Jenny B, Smoll N, EI Hassani Y, et al. Pediatric epilepsy surgery: could age be a predicter of autcome? J Neurosurey Pediotr, 2016, 18(2): 235-241. |
| 3. | Lamberink HJ, Otte WM, Blümcke I, et al. Seizure outcome and use of antiepileptic drugs after epilepsy surgery according to histopathological diagnosis: a retrospective multicentre cohort study. Lancet Neural, 2020, 19: 748-757. |
| 4. | 余彩遥, 叶兰, 冯吕辉. 癫痫患者认知功能障碍相关危险因素研究进展. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2023, 23(4): 287-291. |
| 5. | 汪亚男, 伍芷君. 癫痫患者的病耻感现状及影响因素. 癫痫杂志, 2024, 10(1): 32-38. |
| 6. | Berg AT, Langfitt J, Shinnor S, et al. How long dose it take for partial epilepsy to become intractable? Neurology, 2003, 60(2): 186-190. |
| 7. | Engel Jr J. The timing of surgical intervent for medical temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Neural. 1999, 56: 1336-1341. |
| 8. | Benbadis SR, Heriaud L, Tatum IV, et al. Epilepsy surgery, delays and referral pattern—are all your epilepsy patients controlled. Seizure, 2003, 12: 167-170. |
| 9. | Wang Q, Jin G, Yu T, et al. Emerging personalized virtual brain models: next-generation resection neurosurgery for durg-resistant epilepsy? Acta Epileptologica. 2023, 6(3): 185-187. |
| 10. | Kwan P, Arzimanoglou A, Berg AT, et al. Difinition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus Proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE commission on Therapeutic strategies. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(6): 1069-1077. |
| 11. | 王薇薇, 吴逊. 抗癫痫药的耐药. 临床神经病学杂志, 2009, 22(2): 145-148. |
| 12. | Galvic M, de Tisi J, McEvoy AW, et al. Resective surgery prevents progressive cortical thinning in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain, 2020, 143: 3262-3272. |
| 13. | Bjellai J, Olsson I, Maimgran K, et al. Epilepsy duration and seizure outcome in epilepsy surgery. Neurology, 2019, 93(2): e159-e166. |
| 14. | Pelliccis V, Deles F, Gozzo F, et al. Early and late epilepsy surgery in focal epilepsies associated with long-time epilepsy-associated tumors. J Neurosurg, 2017, 127: 1147-1152. |
| 15. | Braun KPJ, Cross JH. Pediatric epilepsy surgery: the earlier the better. Expert Review of Neurotherapautics. 2008, 18: 261-265. |
| 16. | Cross JH, Reilly C, Delicado EG, et al. Epilepsy surgery for children and adolescents evidence based but underused. Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2022, 6(7): 484-494. |
| 17. | Samanta D, Osterdorf AP, Willis E, et al. Underutilization of epilepsy surgery part 1: a scoring review of barriers. Epilepsy Behav, 2021, 117: 107837. |
| 18. | Engel Jr J, Mcdermutt MP, Wiehe, et al. Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: a randomized trial. Survey of Anesthesiology, 2013, 57(3): 121-122. |
| 19. | Cramer SW, McGovern RA, Wang SG, et al. Resective epilepsy surgery: assessment of randomized controlled triols. Neurosurgical Review, 2021, 44(4): 2059-2067. |
| 20. | Dlugos DJ. The early identification of candidotes for epilepsy surgery. Arch Neurol, 2001, 58: 1543-1546. |
| 21. | Cai LX, Zhang K, Zhou WJ, et al. Consensus on pediathic epilepsy surgery for young children: an investigation by China Association Against Epilepsy task force on epilepsy surgery. Acta Epileptologica, 2023, 6(3): 127-138. |
| 22. | Cross JH, Jayaker P, Nordli D, et al. Proposed criteria for referral and evaluation of children for epilepsy surgery: recommendation of the subcommission for pediatric epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia, 2006, 47(6): 952-959. |
| 23. | Boshuisen K, Arzimanoglou A, Cross JH, et al. Timing of antiepileptic drug withdrawal and long-term seizure outcome after paediatric epilepsy surgery (time to stop): a retrospective observational study. Lancet Neurol, 2012, 11: 784-791. |
| 24. | Braum KPJ. Influence of epilepsy surgery on developmental autcomes in children. Eur J Pediatr Neurol, 2020, 24: 40-47. |
| 25. | Pelliccia V, Deleo F, Gozzo F, et al. Early epilepsy surgery for non drug-resistant patients. Epilepsy & Behavior Reports, 2022, 19: 100542. |
| 26. | Hele AT, Chair A, Scott RC, et al. Expedited epilepsy surgery prior to drug resistance in children: a frontier work crossing? Brain, 2022, 145: 3755-3762. |
| 27. | Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. New England J Medcine, 2001, 345(5): 311-318. |
| 28. | Mc Govern RA, McKhann GM. The ERSET trial of early surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Results and frustrations. Neurosurgery, 2012, 70(6): 23-24. |
| 29. | Dwivedi R, Ramanujam B, Chandra PS, et al. Surgery for drug resistant epilepsy in children. N England J Med, 2017, 377: 1639-1647. |
| 30. | The National Association of Epilepsy Centers Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Gudlines for essential services, personnal, and facilities in specialized epilepsy centers in the United States. Epilepsia, 2001, 42(6): 804-814. |
| 31. | Reilly C, Baldeweg T, Stewart N, et al. Do behavior and emotions improve after pediatric epilepsy surgery? A systematic review. Epilepsia, 2019, 60: 885-897. |
| 32. | Lindberg 10, Malmgren K. Surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy in children. Eew England J Med, 2018, 378(4): 398-399. |
| 33. | Sonoda M, Carison A, Rothermel R, et al. Long-term satisfaction after extra operative invasive EEG recording. Epilepsy Behav, 2021, 124: 10363. |
| 34. | Iwasaki M, Iijima K, Kawashima T, et al. Epilepsy surgery in children under 3 years of age: surgical and developmental outcome. J Neurosurg Padiatr, 2021, 20: 395-403. |
| 35. | Chen AY, Ralston JD, Lee B, et al. Rates and prictor of seizure outcome after corpus callosotomy for drug-resistant epilepsy: a meta-analysis. J Neurosury, 2018, 130: 1-10. |
| 36. | Widijaja E, Jain P, Domore A, et al. Seizure outcome of pediatric epilepsy surgery systematic review and meta-anelysis. Neurology, 2020, 94: 311-312. |
| 37. | 王薇薇, 吴逊. 脑网络理论在癫痫临床中的意义及应用. 癫痫杂志, 2024, 10(1): 66-72. |
| 38. | 王薇薇, 吴逊. 癫痫诊断延误的原因及后果. 中风与神经疾病杂志, 2024, 41(6): 483-485. |
| 39. | 吴逊, 陈佳, 癫痫内科医生在癫痫术前评估中应具备的条件和应起的作用. 癫痫杂志, 2021, 7(1): 39-43. |
| 40. | 吴逊, 陈佳. 癫痫患者外科治疗后神经心理学变化的预测. 癫痫论坛, 2017, 11(3): 53-57. |
| 41. | Patil SG, Cross H, Chong WK, et al. Is streamlined evaluation of children for epilepsy surgery possible? Epilepsia, 2008, 49(8): 1340-1237. |
| 42. | 王薇薇, 吴逊. 难治性癫痫外科治疗失败的原因及再手术的疗效. 临床神经外科杂志, 2012, 9(1): 60-62. |
| 43. | 顾夏颖, 杨露, 狄晴. 癫痫患者手术后撤药研究进展. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 2023, 49(12): 753-757. |
| 44. | Komomatsu K, Kakisaka Y, Ishida M, et al. Referral odyssey plot to visvally causes of surgical delay in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsy & Behavior, 2023, 147: 109434. |
| 45. | Thompson A, Ivey SI, Lahiff M, et al. Delays in time to surgery for minorities with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2014, 55 (3) : 1339-1146. |
| 46. | Alessi N, Perucca P, Mc Intosh AM. Missed, mistaken, stalled: Identifying components of delay to diagnosis in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(7): 494-504. |
| 47. | Engel Jr J, McDermott MP, Wiebe S, et al. Design considerations for a multicenter randomized controlled trial of early surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(10): 1978-1986. |
| 48. | Najm I, Lal D, Vanegas MA, et al. The ILAE consensus classification of focal cortical dysplasia: A update proposed by an ad hoc task force of the ILAE diagnostic methods commission. Epilepsia, 2022, 63(8): 1899-1919. |
| 49. | Baidassarti S, Ridierre T, Marson E, rt al. Dissecting the genetic basis of focal cortical dysplasia: a large cohort study. Acta Neuropathologica, 2019, 138: 885-900. |
| 50. | Zvi IB, Enright N, Darco F, et al. Children with seizure and radiological diagnosis of focal cortical dysplasia: can drug-resistant epilepsy be predicted earlier? Epileptic Disorders, 2022, 24(1): 111-122. |
| 51. | Wagstyl K, Whitaker K, Razmahen A, et al. Atlas of lesion location and postsurgical seizure freedom in focal cortical dysplasia: a MELD study. Epilepsia, 2021, 63(1): 61-74. |
| 52. | Specchis N, Pepi C, de Palma, et al. Surgery for drug-resistant tuberous sclerosis complex-associated epilepsy: Who, when, and what. Epileptic Disorders, 2021, 23(1): 53-73. |
| 53. | Nguyen T, Parter BE. Caregivers’ impression of epilepsy surgery in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsy & Behavior, 2020, 111: 107331. |
| 54. | 邓馨, 王薇薇, 吴逊. 灰质异位与癫痫发作. 癫痫杂志, 2018, 4(6): 497-504. |
| 55. | Kobayashi E, Bagshaw AP, Grova C. Grey matter EEG-fMRI can tell us abaut epileptogenicity of neuronal migration disorders. Brain, 2006, 129(pt2): 366-374. |
| 56. | Kapadia M, Walwema M, Smith TR, et al. Seizure outcome in patients with cavernous malformation after early surgery. Epilepsy & Behavior, 2021, 115: 107662. |
| 57. | Erdmir G, Pestana-Knight E, Honomicht R, et al. Surgical candidates in children with epileptic spasms can be selected without invasive monitoring: a report of 70 cases. Epilepsy Research, 2021, 176: 106731. |
| 58. | Lee Wc, Chen HH, Yang TF, et al. Early surgery for Ohtahara syndrome associated with cortical dysplasia. Pediatric Neurology, 2023, 148: 28-31. |
| 59. | 陈佳, 吴逊. 难治性癫痫新思路. 中华医学杂志, 2010, 90(9): 643-645. |
| 60. | Goldberg EM. Rational small molecule treatment for genetic epilepsies. Neurotherapeutic, 2021, 18(3): 1490-1499. |
- 1. Engel Jr J, McDermott M P, Wiebe S, et al. Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. JAMA, 2012, 307(9): 922-930.
- 2. Jenny B, Smoll N, EI Hassani Y, et al. Pediatric epilepsy surgery: could age be a predicter of autcome? J Neurosurey Pediotr, 2016, 18(2): 235-241.
- 3. Lamberink HJ, Otte WM, Blümcke I, et al. Seizure outcome and use of antiepileptic drugs after epilepsy surgery according to histopathological diagnosis: a retrospective multicentre cohort study. Lancet Neural, 2020, 19: 748-757.
- 4. 余彩遥, 叶兰, 冯吕辉. 癫痫患者认知功能障碍相关危险因素研究进展. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2023, 23(4): 287-291.
- 5. 汪亚男, 伍芷君. 癫痫患者的病耻感现状及影响因素. 癫痫杂志, 2024, 10(1): 32-38.
- 6. Berg AT, Langfitt J, Shinnor S, et al. How long dose it take for partial epilepsy to become intractable? Neurology, 2003, 60(2): 186-190.
- 7. Engel Jr J. The timing of surgical intervent for medical temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Neural. 1999, 56: 1336-1341.
- 8. Benbadis SR, Heriaud L, Tatum IV, et al. Epilepsy surgery, delays and referral pattern—are all your epilepsy patients controlled. Seizure, 2003, 12: 167-170.
- 9. Wang Q, Jin G, Yu T, et al. Emerging personalized virtual brain models: next-generation resection neurosurgery for durg-resistant epilepsy? Acta Epileptologica. 2023, 6(3): 185-187.
- 10. Kwan P, Arzimanoglou A, Berg AT, et al. Difinition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus Proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE commission on Therapeutic strategies. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(6): 1069-1077.
- 11. 王薇薇, 吴逊. 抗癫痫药的耐药. 临床神经病学杂志, 2009, 22(2): 145-148.
- 12. Galvic M, de Tisi J, McEvoy AW, et al. Resective surgery prevents progressive cortical thinning in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain, 2020, 143: 3262-3272.
- 13. Bjellai J, Olsson I, Maimgran K, et al. Epilepsy duration and seizure outcome in epilepsy surgery. Neurology, 2019, 93(2): e159-e166.
- 14. Pelliccis V, Deles F, Gozzo F, et al. Early and late epilepsy surgery in focal epilepsies associated with long-time epilepsy-associated tumors. J Neurosurg, 2017, 127: 1147-1152.
- 15. Braun KPJ, Cross JH. Pediatric epilepsy surgery: the earlier the better. Expert Review of Neurotherapautics. 2008, 18: 261-265.
- 16. Cross JH, Reilly C, Delicado EG, et al. Epilepsy surgery for children and adolescents evidence based but underused. Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2022, 6(7): 484-494.
- 17. Samanta D, Osterdorf AP, Willis E, et al. Underutilization of epilepsy surgery part 1: a scoring review of barriers. Epilepsy Behav, 2021, 117: 107837.
- 18. Engel Jr J, Mcdermutt MP, Wiehe, et al. Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: a randomized trial. Survey of Anesthesiology, 2013, 57(3): 121-122.
- 19. Cramer SW, McGovern RA, Wang SG, et al. Resective epilepsy surgery: assessment of randomized controlled triols. Neurosurgical Review, 2021, 44(4): 2059-2067.
- 20. Dlugos DJ. The early identification of candidotes for epilepsy surgery. Arch Neurol, 2001, 58: 1543-1546.
- 21. Cai LX, Zhang K, Zhou WJ, et al. Consensus on pediathic epilepsy surgery for young children: an investigation by China Association Against Epilepsy task force on epilepsy surgery. Acta Epileptologica, 2023, 6(3): 127-138.
- 22. Cross JH, Jayaker P, Nordli D, et al. Proposed criteria for referral and evaluation of children for epilepsy surgery: recommendation of the subcommission for pediatric epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia, 2006, 47(6): 952-959.
- 23. Boshuisen K, Arzimanoglou A, Cross JH, et al. Timing of antiepileptic drug withdrawal and long-term seizure outcome after paediatric epilepsy surgery (time to stop): a retrospective observational study. Lancet Neurol, 2012, 11: 784-791.
- 24. Braum KPJ. Influence of epilepsy surgery on developmental autcomes in children. Eur J Pediatr Neurol, 2020, 24: 40-47.
- 25. Pelliccia V, Deleo F, Gozzo F, et al. Early epilepsy surgery for non drug-resistant patients. Epilepsy & Behavior Reports, 2022, 19: 100542.
- 26. Hele AT, Chair A, Scott RC, et al. Expedited epilepsy surgery prior to drug resistance in children: a frontier work crossing? Brain, 2022, 145: 3755-3762.
- 27. Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. New England J Medcine, 2001, 345(5): 311-318.
- 28. Mc Govern RA, McKhann GM. The ERSET trial of early surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Results and frustrations. Neurosurgery, 2012, 70(6): 23-24.
- 29. Dwivedi R, Ramanujam B, Chandra PS, et al. Surgery for drug resistant epilepsy in children. N England J Med, 2017, 377: 1639-1647.
- 30. The National Association of Epilepsy Centers Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Gudlines for essential services, personnal, and facilities in specialized epilepsy centers in the United States. Epilepsia, 2001, 42(6): 804-814.
- 31. Reilly C, Baldeweg T, Stewart N, et al. Do behavior and emotions improve after pediatric epilepsy surgery? A systematic review. Epilepsia, 2019, 60: 885-897.
- 32. Lindberg 10, Malmgren K. Surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy in children. Eew England J Med, 2018, 378(4): 398-399.
- 33. Sonoda M, Carison A, Rothermel R, et al. Long-term satisfaction after extra operative invasive EEG recording. Epilepsy Behav, 2021, 124: 10363.
- 34. Iwasaki M, Iijima K, Kawashima T, et al. Epilepsy surgery in children under 3 years of age: surgical and developmental outcome. J Neurosurg Padiatr, 2021, 20: 395-403.
- 35. Chen AY, Ralston JD, Lee B, et al. Rates and prictor of seizure outcome after corpus callosotomy for drug-resistant epilepsy: a meta-analysis. J Neurosury, 2018, 130: 1-10.
- 36. Widijaja E, Jain P, Domore A, et al. Seizure outcome of pediatric epilepsy surgery systematic review and meta-anelysis. Neurology, 2020, 94: 311-312.
- 37. 王薇薇, 吴逊. 脑网络理论在癫痫临床中的意义及应用. 癫痫杂志, 2024, 10(1): 66-72.
- 38. 王薇薇, 吴逊. 癫痫诊断延误的原因及后果. 中风与神经疾病杂志, 2024, 41(6): 483-485.
- 39. 吴逊, 陈佳, 癫痫内科医生在癫痫术前评估中应具备的条件和应起的作用. 癫痫杂志, 2021, 7(1): 39-43.
- 40. 吴逊, 陈佳. 癫痫患者外科治疗后神经心理学变化的预测. 癫痫论坛, 2017, 11(3): 53-57.
- 41. Patil SG, Cross H, Chong WK, et al. Is streamlined evaluation of children for epilepsy surgery possible? Epilepsia, 2008, 49(8): 1340-1237.
- 42. 王薇薇, 吴逊. 难治性癫痫外科治疗失败的原因及再手术的疗效. 临床神经外科杂志, 2012, 9(1): 60-62.
- 43. 顾夏颖, 杨露, 狄晴. 癫痫患者手术后撤药研究进展. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 2023, 49(12): 753-757.
- 44. Komomatsu K, Kakisaka Y, Ishida M, et al. Referral odyssey plot to visvally causes of surgical delay in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsy & Behavior, 2023, 147: 109434.
- 45. Thompson A, Ivey SI, Lahiff M, et al. Delays in time to surgery for minorities with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2014, 55 (3) : 1339-1146.
- 46. Alessi N, Perucca P, Mc Intosh AM. Missed, mistaken, stalled: Identifying components of delay to diagnosis in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(7): 494-504.
- 47. Engel Jr J, McDermott MP, Wiebe S, et al. Design considerations for a multicenter randomized controlled trial of early surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(10): 1978-1986.
- 48. Najm I, Lal D, Vanegas MA, et al. The ILAE consensus classification of focal cortical dysplasia: A update proposed by an ad hoc task force of the ILAE diagnostic methods commission. Epilepsia, 2022, 63(8): 1899-1919.
- 49. Baidassarti S, Ridierre T, Marson E, rt al. Dissecting the genetic basis of focal cortical dysplasia: a large cohort study. Acta Neuropathologica, 2019, 138: 885-900.
- 50. Zvi IB, Enright N, Darco F, et al. Children with seizure and radiological diagnosis of focal cortical dysplasia: can drug-resistant epilepsy be predicted earlier? Epileptic Disorders, 2022, 24(1): 111-122.
- 51. Wagstyl K, Whitaker K, Razmahen A, et al. Atlas of lesion location and postsurgical seizure freedom in focal cortical dysplasia: a MELD study. Epilepsia, 2021, 63(1): 61-74.
- 52. Specchis N, Pepi C, de Palma, et al. Surgery for drug-resistant tuberous sclerosis complex-associated epilepsy: Who, when, and what. Epileptic Disorders, 2021, 23(1): 53-73.
- 53. Nguyen T, Parter BE. Caregivers’ impression of epilepsy surgery in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsy & Behavior, 2020, 111: 107331.
- 54. 邓馨, 王薇薇, 吴逊. 灰质异位与癫痫发作. 癫痫杂志, 2018, 4(6): 497-504.
- 55. Kobayashi E, Bagshaw AP, Grova C. Grey matter EEG-fMRI can tell us abaut epileptogenicity of neuronal migration disorders. Brain, 2006, 129(pt2): 366-374.
- 56. Kapadia M, Walwema M, Smith TR, et al. Seizure outcome in patients with cavernous malformation after early surgery. Epilepsy & Behavior, 2021, 115: 107662.
- 57. Erdmir G, Pestana-Knight E, Honomicht R, et al. Surgical candidates in children with epileptic spasms can be selected without invasive monitoring: a report of 70 cases. Epilepsy Research, 2021, 176: 106731.
- 58. Lee Wc, Chen HH, Yang TF, et al. Early surgery for Ohtahara syndrome associated with cortical dysplasia. Pediatric Neurology, 2023, 148: 28-31.
- 59. 陈佳, 吴逊. 难治性癫痫新思路. 中华医学杂志, 2010, 90(9): 643-645.
- 60. Goldberg EM. Rational small molecule treatment for genetic epilepsies. Neurotherapeutic, 2021, 18(3): 1490-1499.