基于蒙特卡罗算法的肿瘤放射治疗计划系统的研究进展_West China Medical Journal

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傅玉川 ¹ , 唐斌 ¹ , 李平 ²

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Keywords：

蒙特卡罗; 放射治疗; 计划系统; 辐射输运

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【摘要】 蒙特卡罗剂量计算法一直被公认为是最精确的辐射输运计算工具，因此很早就成为模拟辐射治疗粒子输运的重要方法之一。但真正能应用于肿瘤放射治疗临床工作的基于蒙特卡罗算法的放射治疗计划系统的推出却经历了一个漫长的时间过程，目前仍在进一步开发和优化中。现就通用蒙特卡罗应用程序的发展历史，介绍基于蒙特卡罗算法的放射治疗计划系统的研究基础;描述放射治疗过程中完整的辐射输运的组成部分；总结此类系统的优势、研发难点和特有的限制条件；介绍能使蒙特卡罗算法应用于临床的主要途径；并指出仍需要努力研究从而充分发挥其潜力的领域。

Citation： 傅玉川,唐斌,李平. 基于蒙特卡罗算法的肿瘤放射治疗计划系统的研究进展. West China Medical Journal, 2010, 25(12): 2129-2132. doi: Copy

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6.	Chetty IJ, Curran B, Cygler JE, et al. Report of the AAPM Task Group No. 105: issues associated with clinical implementation of Monte Carlo-based photon and electron external beam treatment planning[J]. Med Phys, 2007, 34(12): 4818-4853.
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15.	Kawrakow I, Rogers DWO, BRB. Walters Large efficiency improvements in BEAMnrc using directional bremsstrahlung splitting[J]. Med Phys, 2004, 31(10): 2883-2898.
16.	Kawrakow I. On the efficiency of photon beam treatment head simulations[J]. Med Phys, 2005, 32(7): 2320-2326.
17.	Rogers DWO, Ma C-M, Walters B, et al. BEAMnrc Users Manual[R]. National Research Council Canada, Ottawa: PIRS-0509, 2002.
18.	顾本广. 医用加速器[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2003: 276-320.
19.	Rogers DW, Faddegon BA, Ding G, et al. BEAM: a Monte Carlo code to simulate radiotherapy treatment[J]. Med Phys, 1995, 22(5): 503-524.
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27.	Fippel M. Fast Monte Carlo dose calculation for photon beams based on the VMC electron algorithm[J]. Med Phys, 1999, 26(8): 1466-1475.
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31.	Alexander A, Deblois F, Stroian G, et al. MMCTP: a radiotherapy research environment for Monte Carlo and patientspecific treatment planning[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2007, 52(13): 297-308.
32.	Fix MK, Manser P, Frei D, et al. An efficient framework for photon Monte Carlo treatment planning[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2007, 52(19): 425-437.
33.	Yaikhom G, Giddy JP, Walker DW, et al. A distributed simulation framework for conformal radiotherapy[A]. IEEE Computer Society: Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), 2008: 2993-3000.
34.	Ma CM, Faddegon BA, Rogers DWO, et al. Accurate characterization of Monte Carlo calculated electron beams for radiotherapy[J]. Med Phys, 1997, 24(3): 401-416.
35.	Yang J, Li JS, Qin L, et al. Modelling of electron contamination in clinical photon beams for Monte Carlo dose calculation[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2004, 49(12): 2657-2673.
36.	Fippel M, Haryanto F, Dohm O, et al. A virtual photon energy fluence model for Monte Carlo dose calculation[J]. Med Phys, 2003, 30(3): 301-311.
37.	Kawrakow I. VMC++ electron and photon Monte Carlo calculations optimized for radiation treatment planning: advanced Monte Carlo for radiation physics, particle transport simulation and applications[A]. Springer, Berlin: Proceedings of the Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting, 2001: 229-236.
38.	Fotina I, Winkler P, Thomas Künzler, et al. Advanced kernel methods vs. Monte Carlo-based dose calculation for high energy photon beams[J]. Radiother Oncol, 2009, 93(3): 645-653.

1. 　Metropolis N. The beginning of the Monte Cavlo Method[J]. Los Alamos Sci, 1987, 15: 125-130.
2. 　Bjarngard B, Kase K, Attix F. The dosimetry of ionizing radiation[M]. New York: Academic, 1990, Ⅲ: 427-539.
3. 　殷蔚伯, 谷铣之. 肿瘤放射治疗学[M], 北京: 中国协和医科大学出版社, 2002: 1-2.
4. 　Department of Health. Cancer reform strategy[EB/OL]. London: http: //www. dh. gov. uk/publications. 2007.
5. 　Verhaegen F, Seuntjens J. Monte Carlo modelling of external radiotherapy photon beams[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2003, 48(21): 107-164.
6. 　Chetty IJ, Curran B, Cygler JE, et al. Report of the AAPM Task Group No. 105: issues associated with clinical implementation of Monte Carlo-based photon and electron external beam treatment planning[J]. Med Phys, 2007, 34(12): 4818-4853.
7. 　Spezi E, Lewis G. An overview of monte carlo treatment planning for radiotherapy[J]. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2008, 131(1): 123-129.
8. 　Fasso A, Ferrari A, Ranft J, et al. Fluka: a multi-particle transport code[R]. Stanford University, Stanford: SLAC-R-773, 2005.
9. 　Brown FB. MCNP-a general Monte Carlo-particle transport code[R]. Version 5. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos: Report LA-UR-03, 2003.
10. 　Kawrakow I, Rogers DWO. The EGSnrc code system: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport[R]. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa: Technical Report PIRS-701, 2000.
11. 　Baro J, Sempau J, Fernandez-Varea JM, et al. PENELOPE-an algorithm for Monte-Carlo simulation of the penetration and energy-loss ofelectrons and positrons in matter[J]. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res, 1995, 100(A): 31-46.
12. 　Agostinelli S, Allison J, Amako K, et al. GEANT4-a simulation toolkit. Nucl. Instrum[J]. Meth Phys Res, 2003, 506(A): 250-303.
13. 　Halbleib JA, Kensek RP, Mehlhorn TA, et al. ITS Version 3. 0: the Integrated TIGER Series of coupled Electron/Photon Monte Carlo Transport Codes Report[R]. Albuquerque, NM, Sandia National Laboratories: SAND91-1634, 1992.
14. 　Khan FM. The physics of radiation therapy[M]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2003: 59-77.
15. 　Kawrakow I, Rogers DWO, BRB. Walters Large efficiency improvements in BEAMnrc using directional bremsstrahlung splitting[J]. Med Phys, 2004, 31(10): 2883-2898.
16. 　Kawrakow I. On the efficiency of photon beam treatment head simulations[J]. Med Phys, 2005, 32(7): 2320-2326.
17. 　Rogers DWO, Ma C-M, Walters B, et al. BEAMnrc Users Manual[R]. National Research Council Canada, Ottawa: PIRS-0509, 2002.
18. 　顾本广. 医用加速器[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2003: 276-320.
19. 　Rogers DW, Faddegon BA, Ding G, et al. BEAM: a Monte Carlo code to simulate radiotherapy treatment[J]. Med Phys, 1995, 22(5): 503-524.
20. 　Schach von Wittenau AE, Cox LJ, Bergstrom PM, et al. Correlated histogram representation of Monte Carlo derived medical accelerator photon-output phase space[J]. Med Phys, 1999, 26(7): 1196-1211.
21. 　Spezi E. Status of MCTP in Europe[J]. Radiother Oncol, 2007, 84: 6-7.
22. 　Papanikolaou N, Battista J, Boyer A, et al. AAPM Report No. 85: Tissue inhomogeneity corrections for megavoltage photon beams[R], Madison, WI: AAPM Report No. 85. 2004.
23. 　DeMarco JJ, Solberg TD, Smathers JB. A CT-based Monte Carlo simulation tool for dosimetry planning and analysis[J]. Med Phys, 1998, 25(1): 1-11.
24. 　du Plessis FC, Willemse CA, Lotter MG, et al. The indirect use of CT numbers to establish material properties needed for Monte Carlo calculation of dose distributions in patients[J]. Med Phys, 1998, 25(7): 1195-1201.
25. 　Wang L, Lovelock M, Chui CS. Experimental verification of a CT-based Monte Carlo dose-calculation method in heterogeneous phantoms[J]. Med Phys, 1999, 26(12): 2626-2634.
26. 　Vanderstraeten B, Chin PW, Fix M, et al. Conversion of CT numbers into tissue parameters for Monte Carlo dose calculations: a multi-centre study[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2007, 52(3): 539-562.
27. 　Fippel M. Fast Monte Carlo dose calculation for photon beams based on the VMC electron algorithm[J]. Med Phys, 1999, 26(8): 1466-1475.
28. 　Verhaegen F, Devic S. Sensitivity study for CT image use in Monte Carlo treatment planning[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2005, 50(5): 937-946.
29. 　Bazalova M, Beaulieu L, Palefsky S, et al. Correction of CT artifacts and its influence on Monte Carlo dose calculations[J]. Med Phys, 2007, 34(6): 2119-2132.
30. 　Yamamoto T, Mizowaki T, Miyabe Y, et al. An integrated Monte Carlo dosimetric verification system for radiotherapy treatment planning[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2007, 52(7): 1991-2008.
31. 　Alexander A, Deblois F, Stroian G, et al. MMCTP: a radiotherapy research environment for Monte Carlo and patientspecific treatment planning[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2007, 52(13): 297-308.
32. 　Fix MK, Manser P, Frei D, et al. An efficient framework for photon Monte Carlo treatment planning[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2007, 52(19): 425-437.
33. 　Yaikhom G, Giddy JP, Walker DW, et al. A distributed simulation framework for conformal radiotherapy[A]. IEEE Computer Society: Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), 2008: 2993-3000.
34. 　Ma CM, Faddegon BA, Rogers DWO, et al. Accurate characterization of Monte Carlo calculated electron beams for radiotherapy[J]. Med Phys, 1997, 24(3): 401-416.
35. 　Yang J, Li JS, Qin L, et al. Modelling of electron contamination in clinical photon beams for Monte Carlo dose calculation[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2004, 49(12): 2657-2673.
36. 　Fippel M, Haryanto F, Dohm O, et al. A virtual photon energy fluence model for Monte Carlo dose calculation[J]. Med Phys, 2003, 30(3): 301-311.
37. 　Kawrakow I. VMC++ electron and photon Monte Carlo calculations optimized for radiation treatment planning: advanced Monte Carlo for radiation physics, particle transport simulation and applications[A]. Springer, Berlin: Proceedings of the Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting, 2001: 229-236.
38. 　Fotina I, Winkler P, Thomas Künzler, et al. Advanced kernel methods vs. Monte Carlo-based dose calculation for high energy photon beams[J]. Radiother Oncol, 2009, 93(3): 645-653.

West China Medical Journal

基于蒙特卡罗算法的肿瘤放射治疗计划系统的研究进展

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