Objective To summarize and analyze the different views on the lymph node metastasis and the extent of lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer.
Methods The current domestic and foreign reports on lymph node metastasis and lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer were reviewed.
Results Lymph node dissection of gastric cancer is based on clinical stage and the location of the tumor. Laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy in treatment of gastric cancer is a safe, feasible, effective, and minimally invasive technique with good outcomes for patients. Sentinel lymph node(SLN) in the clinical assessment of early gastric cancer is feasible,besides with high accuracy and sensitivity. Lymphatic mapping is an effective, easy, and safe method to guide lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer. Evidence-based lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer provide a new perspective to the extent.
Conclusions It is difficult to evaluate those methods exactly. Researchers over the world should learn from each other and explore further in order to develop guiding principles in the end.
Citation: SONG Peng,WU Lei.. Advances of Lymphatic Metastasis and Lymphadenectomy in Gastric Cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2012, 19(1): 116-121. doi: Copy
1. | Archie V, Kauh J, Jones DV Jr, et al. Gastric cancer:standards for the 21st century[J]. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2006, 57(2):123-131. |
2. | Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2002[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2005, 55(2): 74-108. |
3. | 荆晓岳, 王建国, 周兵, 等. 近10年豫北地区胃癌临床流行病学特征[J]. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2010, 17(1): 29-33.. |
4. | 所剑. 胃癌的淋巴结清扫及意义[J]. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2010, 17(1): 5-7.. |
5. | Petrelli F, Borgonovo K, Barni S. The emerging issue of ratio of metastatic to resected lymph nodes in gastrointestinal cancers:an overview of literature[J]. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2011, 37(10):836-847. |
6. | Gee DW, Rattner DW. Management of gastroesophageal tumors[J]. Oncologist, 2007, 12(2): 175-185. |
7. | 张岂凡. 从淋巴结转移规律谈胃癌合理手术范围[J]. 外科理论与实践, 2003, 8(1): 14-15.. |
8. | 朱海涛, 赵宜良, 吴云飞, 等. 胃癌各组淋巴结的转移特点及其在实施合理根治术中的指导意义[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2008, 30(11): 863-865.. |
9. | Kutup A, Yekebas EF, Izbicki JR. Current diagnosis and future impact of micrometastases for therapeutic strategies in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, gastric cardia, and upper gastric third[J]. Recent Results Cancer Res, 2010, 182:115-125. |
10. | Yu JW, Wu JG, Tajima Y, et al. Study on lymph node metastasis correlated to lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic vessel invasion, and lymph node micrometastasis in gastric cancer[J]. J Surg Res, 2011, 168(2):188-196. |
11. | 郑树, 董琦, 陈益定. 与胃肠道恶性肿瘤转移和预后相关的肿瘤细胞分子生物学特征[J]. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2004, 7(6): 429-431.. |
12. | Tajima Y, Murakami M, Yamazaki K, et al. Risk factors for lymph node metastasis from gastric cancers with submucosal invasion[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2010, 17(6):1597-1604. |
13. | Kim JJ, Song KY, Hur H, et al. Lymph node micrometastasis in node negative early gastric cancer[J]. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2009, 35(4):409-414. |
14. | Liu CG, Lu P, Lu Y, et al. Distribution of solitary lymph nodes in primary gastric cancer:a retrospective study and clinical implications[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2007, 13(35):4776-4780. |
15. | Li C, Kim S, Lai JF, et al. Solitary lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2008, 12(3):550-554. |
16. | Lee JH, Ryu KW, Kook MC, et al. Feasibility of laparoscopic sentinel basin dissection for limited resection in early gastric cancer[J]. J Surg Oncol, 2008, 98(5):331-335. |
17. | Zhang M, Zhu G, Ma Y, et al. Comparison of four staging systems of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer[J]. World J Surg, 2009, 33(11):2383-2388. |
18. | Bilici A, Seker M, Ustaalioglu BB, et al. Determining of metastatic lymph node ratio in patients who underwent D2 dissection for gastric cancer[J]. Med Oncol, 2010, 27(3):975-984. |
19. | 姜波健, 孙荣勋, 高友福, 等. 早期胃癌生物学特性和长期生存的临床研究[J]. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2001, 4(2): 111-113.. |
20. | 刘文韬, 刘福坤. 2002年版日本胃癌治疗规范[J]. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2003, 6(2): 131-132.. |
21. | 姜波健. 胃癌外科治疗的热点研究[J]. 国际外科学杂志, 2007, 34(3): 167-171.. |
22. | Uyama I, Sakurai Y, Komori Y, et al. The advances of laparoscopic treatment for gastric cancer[J]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 2007, 34(1):21-24. |
23. | Kodera Y, Fujiwara M, Ohashi N, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer:a collective review with meta-analysis of randomized trials[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2010, 211(5):677-686. |
24. | 汤黎明, 钱峻, 朱杰, 等. 腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术在进展期胃癌中的应用探讨[J]. 中国微创外科杂志, 2008, 8(12): 1079-1081.. |
25. | 余佩武, 罗华星. 腹腔镜胃癌根治术的研究进展[J]. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2009,12(2): 208-210.. |
26. | 余佩武, 钱锋, 罗华星, 等. 腹腔镜胃癌根治术的临床疗效[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2008, 7(1): 38-40.. |
27. | 黄昌明, 林建贤. 腹腔镜胃癌根治术合理应用及疗效评价[J]. 中国实用外科杂志,2011, 31(8): 672-674.. |
28. | Lee J, Kim W. Long-term outcomes after laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer:analysis of consecutive 106 experiences[J]. J Surg Oncol, 2009, 100(8):693-698. |
29. | Hwang SI, Kim HO, Yoo CH, et al. Laparoscopic-assisted distal gastrectomy versus open distal gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer[J]. Surg Endosc, 2009, 23(6):1252-1258. |
30. | Strong VE, Devaud N, Allen PJ, et al. Laparoscopic versus open subtotal gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma:a case-control study[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2009, 16(6):1507-1513. |
31. | 日本胃癌学会. 胃癌取扱い规约[M]. 第14版. 东京: 金原出版株式会社, 2010:2-18.. |
32. | Huscher CG, Mingoli A, Sgarzini G, et al. Laparoscopic versus open subtotal gastrectomy for distal gastric cancer:five-year results of a randomized prospective trial[J]. Ann Surg, 2005, 241(2):232-237. |
33. | Varela JE, Hiyashi M, Nguyen T, et al. Comparison of laparoscopic and open gastrectomy for gastric cancer[J]. Am J Surg, 2006, 192(6):837-842. |
34. | Kitano S, Shiraishi N, Uyama I, et al. A multicenter study on oncologic outcome of laparoscopic gastrectomy for early cancer in Japan[J]. Ann Surg, 2007, 245(1):68-72. |
35. | Lee SW, Nomura E, Bouras G, et al. Long-term oncologic outcomes from laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer:a single-center experience of 601 consecutive resections[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2010, 211(1):33-40. |
36. | Zhao Y, Yu P, Hao Y, et al. Comparison of outcomes for laparoscopically assisted and open radical distal gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy for advanced gastric cancer[J]. Surg Endosc, 2011, 25(9):2960-2966. |
37. | Hayashi H, Ochiai T, Mori M, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping for gastric cancer using a dual procedure with dye- and gamma probe-guided techniques[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2003, 196(1):68-74. |
38. | Tokunaga A, Okuda T, Tajiri T, et al. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping by dye and/or radioactive tracer in early gastric cancer[J]. J Nippon Med Sch, 2002, 69(3):216-217. |
39. | 王亚楠, 李国新. 前哨淋巴结导航在胃癌手术中的运用现状[J]. 中华胃肠外科杂志,2011, 14(1): 76-77.. |
40. | 程黎阳, 陈晓东, 张玉新, 等. 专利蓝和放射物联合示踪检测胃癌前哨淋巴结及其临床意义[J]. 中华外科杂志, 2005, 43(9): 569-572.. |
41. | Mochiki E, Kuwano H, Kamiyama Y, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping with technetium-99m colloidal rhenium sulfide in patients with gastric carcinoma[J]. Am J Surg, 2006, 191(4):465-469. |
42. | 刘国津, 辛志泳, 王晓军. 胃癌前哨淋巴结定位及活检技术[J]. 中国肿瘤, 2002,11(6): 361-363.. |
43. | 黄广建, 陈忠清, 刘懿, 等. 活性炭纳米粒对胃癌淋巴清扫的指导作用[J] . 中国现代医学杂志, 2005, 15(2): 233-235.. |
44. | 陈海宁, 张波, 陈秀峰, 等. 纳米炭在胃癌根治术中的临床应用研究[J]. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2011, 18(2): 149-152. |
45. | 徐大平, 刘彤, 邵军, 等. 胃癌术中亚甲蓝+丝裂霉素淋巴染色对淋巴结清扫的作用[J]. 山东医药, 2008, 48(15): 74-75.. |
46. | Songun I, Putter H, Kranenbarg EM, et al. Surgical treatment of gastric cancer:15-year follow-up results of the randomised nationwide Dutch D1D2 trial[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2010, 11(5):439-449. |
47. | Sano T, Sasako M, Yamamoto S, et al. Gastric cancer surgery:morbidity and mortality results from a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing D2 and extended para-aortic lymphadenectomy—Japan Clinical Oncology Group study 9501[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2004, 22(14):2767-2773. |
48. | Kulig J, Popiela T, Kolodziejczyk P, et al. Standard D2 versus extended D2(D2+) lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer:an interim safety analysis of a multicenter, randomized, clinical trial[J]. Am J Surg, 2007, 193(1):10-15. |
49. | Hu JK, Yang K, Zhang B, et al. D2 plus para-aortic lymphadenectomy versus standardized D2 lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer surgery[J]. Surg Today, 2009, 39(3):207-213. |
50. | Sasako M, Sano T, Yamamoto S, et al. D2 lymphadenectomy alone or with para-aortic nodal dissection for gastric cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2008, 359(5):453-462. |
51. | Nomura E, Sasako M, Yamamoto S, et al. Gastric cancer surgical study group of the Japan clinical oncology group. Risk factors for para-aortic lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer from a randomized controlled trial of JCOG9501[J]. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2007, 37(6):429-433. |
52. | Kosaka T, Usami K, Ueshige N, et al. Paraaortic lymph node dissection for gastric cancer in 244 consecutive cases[J]. Hepatogastroenterology, 2006, 53(70):629-633. |
53. | Yonemura Y, Wu CC, Fukushima N, et al. Metastasis in para-aortic lymph nodes in patients with advanced gastric cancer, treated with extended lymphadenectomy[J]. Hepatogastroenterology, 2007, 54(74):634-638. |
54. | 胡祥. 第14版日本《胃癌处理规约》的重要变更[J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2010, 30(4):241-246. |
55. | 陈峻青. 胃癌外科治疗几个问题的新进展[J]. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2010, 17(1): 1-4.. |
56. | Yang SH, Zhang YC. Commentary for an evidence-based medicine review of lymphadenectomy extent for gastric cancer[J].Am J Surg, 2010, 197(2):246-251. |
57. | Chen XZ, Hu JK, Zhou ZG, et al. Meta-analysis of effectiveness and safety of D2 plus para-aortic lymphadenectomy for resectable gastric cancer[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2010, 210(1):100-105. |
58. | Mcculloch P, Niita ME, Kazi H, et al. Gastrectomy with extended lymphadenectomy for primary treatment of gastric cancer[J]. Br J Surg, 2005, 92(1):5-13. |
- 1. Archie V, Kauh J, Jones DV Jr, et al. Gastric cancer:standards for the 21st century[J]. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2006, 57(2):123-131.
- 2. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2002[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2005, 55(2): 74-108.
- 3. 荆晓岳, 王建国, 周兵, 等. 近10年豫北地区胃癌临床流行病学特征[J]. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2010, 17(1): 29-33..
- 4. 所剑. 胃癌的淋巴结清扫及意义[J]. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2010, 17(1): 5-7..
- 5. Petrelli F, Borgonovo K, Barni S. The emerging issue of ratio of metastatic to resected lymph nodes in gastrointestinal cancers:an overview of literature[J]. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2011, 37(10):836-847.
- 6. Gee DW, Rattner DW. Management of gastroesophageal tumors[J]. Oncologist, 2007, 12(2): 175-185.
- 7. 张岂凡. 从淋巴结转移规律谈胃癌合理手术范围[J]. 外科理论与实践, 2003, 8(1): 14-15..
- 8. 朱海涛, 赵宜良, 吴云飞, 等. 胃癌各组淋巴结的转移特点及其在实施合理根治术中的指导意义[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2008, 30(11): 863-865..
- 9. Kutup A, Yekebas EF, Izbicki JR. Current diagnosis and future impact of micrometastases for therapeutic strategies in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, gastric cardia, and upper gastric third[J]. Recent Results Cancer Res, 2010, 182:115-125.
- 10. Yu JW, Wu JG, Tajima Y, et al. Study on lymph node metastasis correlated to lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic vessel invasion, and lymph node micrometastasis in gastric cancer[J]. J Surg Res, 2011, 168(2):188-196.
- 11. 郑树, 董琦, 陈益定. 与胃肠道恶性肿瘤转移和预后相关的肿瘤细胞分子生物学特征[J]. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2004, 7(6): 429-431..
- 12. Tajima Y, Murakami M, Yamazaki K, et al. Risk factors for lymph node metastasis from gastric cancers with submucosal invasion[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2010, 17(6):1597-1604.
- 13. Kim JJ, Song KY, Hur H, et al. Lymph node micrometastasis in node negative early gastric cancer[J]. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2009, 35(4):409-414.
- 14. Liu CG, Lu P, Lu Y, et al. Distribution of solitary lymph nodes in primary gastric cancer:a retrospective study and clinical implications[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2007, 13(35):4776-4780.
- 15. Li C, Kim S, Lai JF, et al. Solitary lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2008, 12(3):550-554.
- 16. Lee JH, Ryu KW, Kook MC, et al. Feasibility of laparoscopic sentinel basin dissection for limited resection in early gastric cancer[J]. J Surg Oncol, 2008, 98(5):331-335.
- 17. Zhang M, Zhu G, Ma Y, et al. Comparison of four staging systems of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer[J]. World J Surg, 2009, 33(11):2383-2388.
- 18. Bilici A, Seker M, Ustaalioglu BB, et al. Determining of metastatic lymph node ratio in patients who underwent D2 dissection for gastric cancer[J]. Med Oncol, 2010, 27(3):975-984.
- 19. 姜波健, 孙荣勋, 高友福, 等. 早期胃癌生物学特性和长期生存的临床研究[J]. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2001, 4(2): 111-113..
- 20. 刘文韬, 刘福坤. 2002年版日本胃癌治疗规范[J]. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2003, 6(2): 131-132..
- 21. 姜波健. 胃癌外科治疗的热点研究[J]. 国际外科学杂志, 2007, 34(3): 167-171..
- 22. Uyama I, Sakurai Y, Komori Y, et al. The advances of laparoscopic treatment for gastric cancer[J]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 2007, 34(1):21-24.
- 23. Kodera Y, Fujiwara M, Ohashi N, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer:a collective review with meta-analysis of randomized trials[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2010, 211(5):677-686.
- 24. 汤黎明, 钱峻, 朱杰, 等. 腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术在进展期胃癌中的应用探讨[J]. 中国微创外科杂志, 2008, 8(12): 1079-1081..
- 25. 余佩武, 罗华星. 腹腔镜胃癌根治术的研究进展[J]. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2009,12(2): 208-210..
- 26. 余佩武, 钱锋, 罗华星, 等. 腹腔镜胃癌根治术的临床疗效[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2008, 7(1): 38-40..
- 27. 黄昌明, 林建贤. 腹腔镜胃癌根治术合理应用及疗效评价[J]. 中国实用外科杂志,2011, 31(8): 672-674..
- 28. Lee J, Kim W. Long-term outcomes after laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer:analysis of consecutive 106 experiences[J]. J Surg Oncol, 2009, 100(8):693-698.
- 29. Hwang SI, Kim HO, Yoo CH, et al. Laparoscopic-assisted distal gastrectomy versus open distal gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer[J]. Surg Endosc, 2009, 23(6):1252-1258.
- 30. Strong VE, Devaud N, Allen PJ, et al. Laparoscopic versus open subtotal gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma:a case-control study[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2009, 16(6):1507-1513.
- 31. 日本胃癌学会. 胃癌取扱い规约[M]. 第14版. 东京: 金原出版株式会社, 2010:2-18..
- 32. Huscher CG, Mingoli A, Sgarzini G, et al. Laparoscopic versus open subtotal gastrectomy for distal gastric cancer:five-year results of a randomized prospective trial[J]. Ann Surg, 2005, 241(2):232-237.
- 33. Varela JE, Hiyashi M, Nguyen T, et al. Comparison of laparoscopic and open gastrectomy for gastric cancer[J]. Am J Surg, 2006, 192(6):837-842.
- 34. Kitano S, Shiraishi N, Uyama I, et al. A multicenter study on oncologic outcome of laparoscopic gastrectomy for early cancer in Japan[J]. Ann Surg, 2007, 245(1):68-72.
- 35. Lee SW, Nomura E, Bouras G, et al. Long-term oncologic outcomes from laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer:a single-center experience of 601 consecutive resections[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2010, 211(1):33-40.
- 36. Zhao Y, Yu P, Hao Y, et al. Comparison of outcomes for laparoscopically assisted and open radical distal gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy for advanced gastric cancer[J]. Surg Endosc, 2011, 25(9):2960-2966.
- 37. Hayashi H, Ochiai T, Mori M, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping for gastric cancer using a dual procedure with dye- and gamma probe-guided techniques[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2003, 196(1):68-74.
- 38. Tokunaga A, Okuda T, Tajiri T, et al. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping by dye and/or radioactive tracer in early gastric cancer[J]. J Nippon Med Sch, 2002, 69(3):216-217.
- 39. 王亚楠, 李国新. 前哨淋巴结导航在胃癌手术中的运用现状[J]. 中华胃肠外科杂志,2011, 14(1): 76-77..
- 40. 程黎阳, 陈晓东, 张玉新, 等. 专利蓝和放射物联合示踪检测胃癌前哨淋巴结及其临床意义[J]. 中华外科杂志, 2005, 43(9): 569-572..
- 41. Mochiki E, Kuwano H, Kamiyama Y, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping with technetium-99m colloidal rhenium sulfide in patients with gastric carcinoma[J]. Am J Surg, 2006, 191(4):465-469.
- 42. 刘国津, 辛志泳, 王晓军. 胃癌前哨淋巴结定位及活检技术[J]. 中国肿瘤, 2002,11(6): 361-363..
- 43. 黄广建, 陈忠清, 刘懿, 等. 活性炭纳米粒对胃癌淋巴清扫的指导作用[J] . 中国现代医学杂志, 2005, 15(2): 233-235..
- 44. 陈海宁, 张波, 陈秀峰, 等. 纳米炭在胃癌根治术中的临床应用研究[J]. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2011, 18(2): 149-152.
- 45. 徐大平, 刘彤, 邵军, 等. 胃癌术中亚甲蓝+丝裂霉素淋巴染色对淋巴结清扫的作用[J]. 山东医药, 2008, 48(15): 74-75..
- 46. Songun I, Putter H, Kranenbarg EM, et al. Surgical treatment of gastric cancer:15-year follow-up results of the randomised nationwide Dutch D1D2 trial[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2010, 11(5):439-449.
- 47. Sano T, Sasako M, Yamamoto S, et al. Gastric cancer surgery:morbidity and mortality results from a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing D2 and extended para-aortic lymphadenectomy—Japan Clinical Oncology Group study 9501[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2004, 22(14):2767-2773.
- 48. Kulig J, Popiela T, Kolodziejczyk P, et al. Standard D2 versus extended D2(D2+) lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer:an interim safety analysis of a multicenter, randomized, clinical trial[J]. Am J Surg, 2007, 193(1):10-15.
- 49. Hu JK, Yang K, Zhang B, et al. D2 plus para-aortic lymphadenectomy versus standardized D2 lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer surgery[J]. Surg Today, 2009, 39(3):207-213.
- 50. Sasako M, Sano T, Yamamoto S, et al. D2 lymphadenectomy alone or with para-aortic nodal dissection for gastric cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2008, 359(5):453-462.
- 51. Nomura E, Sasako M, Yamamoto S, et al. Gastric cancer surgical study group of the Japan clinical oncology group. Risk factors for para-aortic lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer from a randomized controlled trial of JCOG9501[J]. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2007, 37(6):429-433.
- 52. Kosaka T, Usami K, Ueshige N, et al. Paraaortic lymph node dissection for gastric cancer in 244 consecutive cases[J]. Hepatogastroenterology, 2006, 53(70):629-633.
- 53. Yonemura Y, Wu CC, Fukushima N, et al. Metastasis in para-aortic lymph nodes in patients with advanced gastric cancer, treated with extended lymphadenectomy[J]. Hepatogastroenterology, 2007, 54(74):634-638.
- 54. 胡祥. 第14版日本《胃癌处理规约》的重要变更[J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2010, 30(4):241-246.
- 55. 陈峻青. 胃癌外科治疗几个问题的新进展[J]. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2010, 17(1): 1-4..
- 56. Yang SH, Zhang YC. Commentary for an evidence-based medicine review of lymphadenectomy extent for gastric cancer[J].Am J Surg, 2010, 197(2):246-251.
- 57. Chen XZ, Hu JK, Zhou ZG, et al. Meta-analysis of effectiveness and safety of D2 plus para-aortic lymphadenectomy for resectable gastric cancer[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2010, 210(1):100-105.
- 58. Mcculloch P, Niita ME, Kazi H, et al. Gastrectomy with extended lymphadenectomy for primary treatment of gastric cancer[J]. Br J Surg, 2005, 92(1):5-13.