AN ANIMAL MODEL FOUNDATION OF ARTICULAR FULL-THICKNESS CARTILAGE DEFECT BY SAVINGCALCIFIED CARTILAGE ZONE ON FEMORAL TROCHLEA IN PORCINE_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

NING Zhigang ¹ , YANG Liu ¹ , WANG Fuyou ¹ , ZHANG Yi ¹ , WANG Enhong. ²

1Center for Joint Surgery, 2Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Southwest Hospital, the ThirdMilitary Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R.China.;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

Osteoarthritis, Articular cartilage defect model ,Calcified cartilage zone ,Porcine

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Objective To establ ish a porcine model of articular full-thickness cartilage defect characterized by
remaining cartilage calcified zone on femoral trochlea, so as to provide a considerable and comparative control group for
investigating repair effects of tissue engineered scaffolds in articular cartilage defects with cartilage calcified zone remaining.
Methods The full-thickness cartilage column defects (6 mm in diameter, 0.2-0.5 mm in depth) without damage on calcified
cartilage zone were made on the femoral trochlea in 9 clean-grade 6-month-old Guizhou mini pigs by standard cartilage-defectmaking
suites. Microscopical observation was performed after modeling. Scanning were made by 3.0T MRI at 4 weeks. Then
general observation, stereomicroscope, and histological staining were used to observe cartilage repair. Results All animals were
al ive. No infection of incisions or patellar dislocations occurred; they were able to walk with partial weight-bearing immediately
after surgery and could move freely without limp at 1 week. Obvious signal discontinuity in trochlea and subchondral bone could
be observed in MRI, without deep signal change in defects surrounding. Microscopical observation showed a few repair tissue
and petechia at base of the defect with clear boundary. Nearly intact calcified zone of cartilage and zonal collapse of subchondral
bone in defects could be observed with stereomicroscope. Under common microscope, no chondrocytes was found in defects,
as well as negative staining of fast green-safranin O and alcian blue. Under polarized microscope, the bottom of defects were
filled with a l ittle of fibrous tissue presenting continuous and b l ight-refraction by sirius red staining. Conclusion The
animal model of articular full-thickness cartilage defect on femoral trochlea by standard cartilage-defect-making suites can be
applied for the research of cartilage disease in early human osteoarthritis and function of calcified cartilage zone in pig.

Citation： NING Zhigang,YANG Liu,WANG Fuyou,ZHANG Yi,WANG Enhong.. AN ANIMAL MODEL FOUNDATION OF ARTICULAR FULL-THICKNESS CARTILAGE DEFECT BY SAVINGCALCIFIED CARTILAGE ZONE ON FEMORAL TROCHLEA IN PORCINE. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2012, 26(5): 527-531. doi: Copy

1.	Yokota M, Yasuda K, Kitamura N, et al. Spontaneous hyaline cartilage regeneration can be induced in an osteochondral defect created in the femoral condyle using a novel double-network hydrogel. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2011, 12: 49.
2.	代岭辉, 杜宁. 关节软骨损伤生物学修复的研究进展. 中国骨伤, 2009, 22(9): 721-724.
3.	Coburn J, Gibson M, Bandalini PA, et al. Biomimetics of the extracellular matrix: an integrated three-dimensional fiber-hydrogel composite for cartilage tissue engineering. Smart Struct Syst, 2011, 7(3): 213-222.
4.	Getgood A, Brooks R, Fortier L, et al. Articular cartilage tissue engineering: today’s research, tomorrow’s practice? J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2009, 91(5): 565-576.
5.	Huang GY, Zhou LH, Zhang QC, et al. Microfluidic hydrogels for tissue engineering. Biofabrication, 2011, 3(1): 5087-5092.
6.	Chu CR, Szczodyy M, Bruno S. Animal models for cartilage regeneration and repair. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2010, 16(1): 105-115.
7.	何志伟, 赵建宁, 岳鹏举, 等. 可注射型及柱型藻酸钙载体联合运用修复兔膝关节软骨缺损的效果观察. 中国骨伤, 2008, 21(12): 899-902.
8.	Jiang Y, Chen LK, Zhu DC, et al. The inductive effect of bone morphogenetic protein-4 on chondral-lineage differentiation and in situ cartilage repair. Tissue Eng Part A Rev, 2010, 16(5): 1621-1632.
9.	Simon TM, Aberman HM. Cartilage regeneration and repair testing in a surrogate large animal model. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2010, 16(1): 65-79.
10.	Jung M, Kaszap B, Redöhl A, et al. Enhanced early tissue regeneration after matrix-assisted autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in full thickness chondral defects in a minipig model. Cell Transplant, 2009, 18(8): 923-932.
11.	Muehleman C, Li J, Abe Y, et al. Effect of risedronate in a minipig cartilage defect model with allograft. J Orthop Res, 2009, 27(3): 360-365.
12.	Nixon AJ, Bequm L, Mohammed HO, et al. Autologous chondrocyte implantation drives early chondrogenesis and organized repair in extensive full- and partial-thickness cartilage defects in an equine model. J Orthop Res, 2011, 29(7): 1121-1130.
13.	王富友, 杨柳, 段小军, 等. 正常膝关节软骨钙化层形态结构研究. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2008, 22(5): 524-527.
14.	Madry H, van Dijk CN, Mueller-Gerbl M. The basic science of the subchondral bone. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2010, 18(4): 419-433.
15.	Wang F, Ying Z, Duan X, et al. Histomorphometric analysis of adult articular calcified cartilage zone. J Struct Biol, 2009, 168(3): 359-365.
16.	Burr DB. Anatomy and physiology of the mineralized tissues: role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2004, 12 Suppl A: S20-30.
17.	Becerra J, Andrades JA, Guerado E, et al. Articular cartilage: structure and rengeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2010, 16(6): 617-627.
18.	马立恒, 刘斯润. 关节软骨的结构与生物力学的关系及MR成像. 国外医学: 临床放射学分册, 2006, 29(2): 123-126.
19.	Che JH, Zhang ZR, Li GZ, et al. Application of tissue-engineered cartilage with BMP-7 gene to repair knee joint cartilage injury in rabbits. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2009, 18(4): 496-503.
20.	Ahem BJ, Parvizi J, Boston R, et al. Preclinical animal models in single site cartilage defect testing: a systematic review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2009, 17(6): 705-713.
21.	Choi JA, Gold GE. MR imaging of articular cartilage physiology. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2011, 19(2): 249-282.
22.	Cerema MD, Roemer FW, Marra MD, et al. Articular cartilage in the knee: current MR imaging techniques and applications in clinical practice and research. Radiographics, 2011, 31(1): 37-61.

1. Yokota M, Yasuda K, Kitamura N, et al. Spontaneous hyaline cartilage regeneration can be induced in an osteochondral defect created in the femoral condyle using a novel double-network hydrogel. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2011, 12: 49.
2. 代岭辉, 杜宁. 关节软骨损伤生物学修复的研究进展. 中国骨伤, 2009, 22(9): 721-724.
3. Coburn J, Gibson M, Bandalini PA, et al. Biomimetics of the extracellular matrix: an integrated three-dimensional fiber-hydrogel composite for cartilage tissue engineering. Smart Struct Syst, 2011, 7(3): 213-222.
4. Getgood A, Brooks R, Fortier L, et al. Articular cartilage tissue engineering: today’s research, tomorrow’s practice? J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2009, 91(5): 565-576.
5. Huang GY, Zhou LH, Zhang QC, et al. Microfluidic hydrogels for tissue engineering. Biofabrication, 2011, 3(1): 5087-5092.
6. Chu CR, Szczodyy M, Bruno S. Animal models for cartilage regeneration and repair. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2010, 16(1): 105-115.
7. 何志伟, 赵建宁, 岳鹏举, 等. 可注射型及柱型藻酸钙载体联合运用修复兔膝关节软骨缺损的效果观察. 中国骨伤, 2008, 21(12): 899-902.
8. Jiang Y, Chen LK, Zhu DC, et al. The inductive effect of bone morphogenetic protein-4 on chondral-lineage differentiation and in situ cartilage repair. Tissue Eng Part A Rev, 2010, 16(5): 1621-1632.
9. Simon TM, Aberman HM. Cartilage regeneration and repair testing in a surrogate large animal model. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2010, 16(1): 65-79.
10. Jung M, Kaszap B, Redöhl A, et al. Enhanced early tissue regeneration after matrix-assisted autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in full thickness chondral defects in a minipig model. Cell Transplant, 2009, 18(8): 923-932.
11. Muehleman C, Li J, Abe Y, et al. Effect of risedronate in a minipig cartilage defect model with allograft. J Orthop Res, 2009, 27(3): 360-365.
12. Nixon AJ, Bequm L, Mohammed HO, et al. Autologous chondrocyte implantation drives early chondrogenesis and organized repair in extensive full- and partial-thickness cartilage defects in an equine model. J Orthop Res, 2011, 29(7): 1121-1130.
13. 王富友, 杨柳, 段小军, 等. 正常膝关节软骨钙化层形态结构研究. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2008, 22(5): 524-527.
14. Madry H, van Dijk CN, Mueller-Gerbl M. The basic science of the subchondral bone. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2010, 18(4): 419-433.
15. Wang F, Ying Z, Duan X, et al. Histomorphometric analysis of adult articular calcified cartilage zone. J Struct Biol, 2009, 168(3): 359-365.
16. Burr DB. Anatomy and physiology of the mineralized tissues: role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2004, 12 Suppl A: S20-30.
17. Becerra J, Andrades JA, Guerado E, et al. Articular cartilage: structure and rengeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2010, 16(6): 617-627.
18. 马立恒, 刘斯润. 关节软骨的结构与生物力学的关系及MR成像. 国外医学: 临床放射学分册, 2006, 29(2): 123-126.
19. Che JH, Zhang ZR, Li GZ, et al. Application of tissue-engineered cartilage with BMP-7 gene to repair knee joint cartilage injury in rabbits. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2009, 18(4): 496-503.
20. Ahem BJ, Parvizi J, Boston R, et al. Preclinical animal models in single site cartilage defect testing: a systematic review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2009, 17(6): 705-713.
21. Choi JA, Gold GE. MR imaging of articular cartilage physiology. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2011, 19(2): 249-282.
22. Cerema MD, Roemer FW, Marra MD, et al. Articular cartilage in the knee: current MR imaging techniques and applications in clinical practice and research. Radiographics, 2011, 31(1): 37-61.

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

AN ANIMAL MODEL FOUNDATION OF ARTICULAR FULL-THICKNESS CARTILAGE DEFECT BY SAVINGCALCIFIED CARTILAGE ZONE ON FEMORAL TROCHLEA IN PORCINE

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