Evidence-Based Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease by Lowing Serum LDL-C Level_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

ZHAO Shuiping

Xiangya Second Hospital of Zhongnan University; Changsha 410011; China;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

Coronary heart disease; LDL-C; Clinical trial

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To declare the clinical value of lowing serum LDL-C level in coronary heart disease by reviewing the history of its clinical trials in the last 4 decades.

Citation： ZHAO Shuiping. Evidence-Based Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease by Lowing Serum LDL-C Level. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2005, 05(5): 360-364. doi: Copy

1.	血脂异常防治对策专题组.血脂异常防治建议[J]. 中华心血管病杂志, 1997; 25(67): 169～173.
2.	]Brown MS, Goldstein JL. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis[J]. Science, 1986; 232(4746): 34-47.
3.	Glueck CJ, Gartside P, Fallat RW, Sielski J, Steiner PM. Longevity syndromes: familial hypobeta and familial hyperalpha lipoproteinemia[J]. J Lab Clin Med, 1976; 88(6): 941-957.
4.	Wilson PW, DAgostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB.Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories[J]. Circulation, 1998; 97(18): 1837-1847.
5.	Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD. Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356 222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT)[J]. JAMA, 1986; 256(20): 2823-2828.
6.	Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results Ⅰ. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease[J]. JAMA, 1984; 251(3): 351-364.
7.	Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results Ⅱ. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering[J]. JAMA, 1984; 251(3): 365-374.
8.	Rossouw JE, Lewis B, Rifkind BM. The value of lowering cholesterol after myocardial infarction[J]. N Engl J Med, 1990; 323(16): 1112-1119.
9.	Pekkanen J, Linn S, Heiss G, Suchindran CM, Leon A, Rifkind BM, Tyroler HA. Ten-year mortality from cardiovascular disease in relation to cholesterol level among men with and without preexisting cardiovascular disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 1990; 322(24): 1700-1707.
10.	Wong ND, Wilson PW, Kannel WB. Serum cholesterol as a prognostic factor after myocardial infarction: the Framingham Study[J]. Ann Intern Med, 1991; 115(9): 687-693.
11.	Keys A, Menotti A, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Djordevic BS, Buzina R, Dontas AS, Fidanza F, Karvonen MJ, Kimura N. The seven countries study: 2 289 deaths in 15 years[J]. Prev Med, 1984; 13(2): 141-154.
12.	Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease[J]? BMJ, 1994; 308(6 925): 367-372.
13.	Law MR, Wald NJ, Wu T, Hackshaw A, Bailey A. Systematic underestimation of association between serum cholesterol concentration and ischaemic heart disease in observational studies: data from the BUPA study[J]. BMJ, 1994; 308(6 925): 363-366.
14.	Peoples Republic of China-United States Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology Research Group. An epidemiological study of cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary disease risk factors in four populations in the Peoples Republic of China: baseline report from the P.R.C-U.S.A Co1laborative Study[J]. Circulation, 1992; 85(123): 1083-1096.
15.	Stamler J, Daviglus ML, Garside DB, Dyer AR, Greenland P, Neaton JD Relationship of baseline serum cholesterol levels in 3 large cohorts of younger men to long-term coronary, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality and to longevity[J]. JAMA, 2000; 284(3): 311-318.
16.	The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group.Randomised trial of lowering in 4 444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study(4S)[J]. Lancet, 1994; 344(8 934): 1383-1389.
17.	S Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold JM, Wun CC, Davis BR, Braunwald E. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels[J]. N Engl J Med, 1996; 335(14): 1001-1009.
18.	The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in ischaemic disease(LIPID) study group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels[J]. N Engl J Med, 1998; 339(19): 1349-1357.
19.	Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, MacFarlane PW, McKillop JH, Packard CJ; West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia[J]. Atheroscler Suppl, 2004; 5(3): 91-97.
20.	Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, Whitney E, Shapiro DR, Beere PA, Langendorfer A, Stein EA, Kruyer W, Gotto AM Jr. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study[J]. JAMA, 1998; 279(20): 1615-1622.
21.	Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, Ganz P, Oliver MF, Waters D, Zeiher A, Chaitman BR, Leslie S, Stern T; Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Study Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial[J]. JAMA, 2001; 285(13): 1711-1718.
22.	Serruys PW, de Feyter P, Macaya C, Kokott N, Puel J, Vrolix M, Branzi A, Bertolami MC, Jackson G, Strauss B, Meier B; Lescol Intervention Prevention Study (LIPS) Investigators. Fluvastatin for prevention of cardiac events following successful first percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial[J]. JAMA, 2002; 287(24): 3215-3222.
23.	Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group.MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2002; 360(9326): 7-22.
24.	Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Gaw A, Hyland M, Jukema JW, Kamper AM, Macfarlane PW, Meinders AE, Norrie J, Packard CJ, Perry IJ, Stott DJ, Sweeney BJ, Twomey C, Westendorp RG; PROSPER study group. PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk.Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomized controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2002; 360(9346): 1623-1630.
25.	Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, OBrien E, Ostergren J; ASCOT investigators.Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2003; 361(9 364): 1149-1158.
26.	Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH.Pravastatin or Atorvastatin evaluation and infection therapy-thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 22 investigators. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes[J]. N Engl J Med, 2004; 350(421): 1495-1504.
27.	Pitt B, Waters D, Brown WV. For the Atorvastatin versus Revasculatization Teatment Investigators. Aggressive lipid-lower in therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease[J]. N Engl J Med,1999; 341: 70-76.
28.	Strategy group of lipid-lower prevention and treatment. Suggestion of lipid-lower prevention and treatment[J]. Chinese Journal of Cardiovascular Disease, 1997; 25(67): 169-173.
29.	Cleeman JI. Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel Ш)[J]. JAMA, 2001; 285(543): 2486-2497.
30.	Guideline Committee. 2003 European society of hypertension-European society of cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension[J]. J Hypertension, 2003; 21(23): 1011-1053.
31.	Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN. Implications of recent clinical trials for the national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel Ш guidelines circulateon[J]. 2004; 110(356): 227-239.

1. 血脂异常防治对策专题组.血脂异常防治建议[J]. 中华心血管病杂志, 1997; 25(67): 169～173.
2. ]Brown MS, Goldstein JL. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis[J]. Science, 1986; 232(4746): 34-47.
3. Glueck CJ, Gartside P, Fallat RW, Sielski J, Steiner PM. Longevity syndromes: familial hypobeta and familial hyperalpha lipoproteinemia[J]. J Lab Clin Med, 1976; 88(6): 941-957.
4. Wilson PW, DAgostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB.Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories[J]. Circulation, 1998; 97(18): 1837-1847.
5. Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD. Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356 222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT)[J]. JAMA, 1986; 256(20): 2823-2828.
6. Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results Ⅰ. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease[J]. JAMA, 1984; 251(3): 351-364.
7. Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results Ⅱ. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering[J]. JAMA, 1984; 251(3): 365-374.
8. Rossouw JE, Lewis B, Rifkind BM. The value of lowering cholesterol after myocardial infarction[J]. N Engl J Med, 1990; 323(16): 1112-1119.
9. Pekkanen J, Linn S, Heiss G, Suchindran CM, Leon A, Rifkind BM, Tyroler HA. Ten-year mortality from cardiovascular disease in relation to cholesterol level among men with and without preexisting cardiovascular disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 1990; 322(24): 1700-1707.
10. Wong ND, Wilson PW, Kannel WB. Serum cholesterol as a prognostic factor after myocardial infarction: the Framingham Study[J]. Ann Intern Med, 1991; 115(9): 687-693.
11. Keys A, Menotti A, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Djordevic BS, Buzina R, Dontas AS, Fidanza F, Karvonen MJ, Kimura N. The seven countries study: 2 289 deaths in 15 years[J]. Prev Med, 1984; 13(2): 141-154.
12. Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease[J]? BMJ, 1994; 308(6 925): 367-372.
13. Law MR, Wald NJ, Wu T, Hackshaw A, Bailey A. Systematic underestimation of association between serum cholesterol concentration and ischaemic heart disease in observational studies: data from the BUPA study[J]. BMJ, 1994; 308(6 925): 363-366.
14. Peoples Republic of China-United States Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology Research Group. An epidemiological study of cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary disease risk factors in four populations in the Peoples Republic of China: baseline report from the P.R.C-U.S.A Co1laborative Study[J]. Circulation, 1992; 85(123): 1083-1096.
15. Stamler J, Daviglus ML, Garside DB, Dyer AR, Greenland P, Neaton JD Relationship of baseline serum cholesterol levels in 3 large cohorts of younger men to long-term coronary, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality and to longevity[J]. JAMA, 2000; 284(3): 311-318.
16. The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group.Randomised trial of lowering in 4 444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study(4S)[J]. Lancet, 1994; 344(8 934): 1383-1389.
17. S Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold JM, Wun CC, Davis BR, Braunwald E. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels[J]. N Engl J Med, 1996; 335(14): 1001-1009.
18. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in ischaemic disease(LIPID) study group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels[J]. N Engl J Med, 1998; 339(19): 1349-1357.
19. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, MacFarlane PW, McKillop JH, Packard CJ; West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia[J]. Atheroscler Suppl, 2004; 5(3): 91-97.
20. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, Whitney E, Shapiro DR, Beere PA, Langendorfer A, Stein EA, Kruyer W, Gotto AM Jr. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study[J]. JAMA, 1998; 279(20): 1615-1622.
21. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, Ganz P, Oliver MF, Waters D, Zeiher A, Chaitman BR, Leslie S, Stern T; Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Study Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial[J]. JAMA, 2001; 285(13): 1711-1718.
22. Serruys PW, de Feyter P, Macaya C, Kokott N, Puel J, Vrolix M, Branzi A, Bertolami MC, Jackson G, Strauss B, Meier B; Lescol Intervention Prevention Study (LIPS) Investigators. Fluvastatin for prevention of cardiac events following successful first percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial[J]. JAMA, 2002; 287(24): 3215-3222.
23. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group.MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2002; 360(9326): 7-22.
24. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Gaw A, Hyland M, Jukema JW, Kamper AM, Macfarlane PW, Meinders AE, Norrie J, Packard CJ, Perry IJ, Stott DJ, Sweeney BJ, Twomey C, Westendorp RG; PROSPER study group. PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk.Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomized controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2002; 360(9346): 1623-1630.
25. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, OBrien E, Ostergren J; ASCOT investigators.Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2003; 361(9 364): 1149-1158.
26. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH.Pravastatin or Atorvastatin evaluation and infection therapy-thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 22 investigators. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes[J]. N Engl J Med, 2004; 350(421): 1495-1504.
27. Pitt B, Waters D, Brown WV. For the Atorvastatin versus Revasculatization Teatment Investigators. Aggressive lipid-lower in therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease[J]. N Engl J Med,1999; 341: 70-76.
28. Strategy group of lipid-lower prevention and treatment. Suggestion of lipid-lower prevention and treatment[J]. Chinese Journal of Cardiovascular Disease, 1997; 25(67): 169-173.
29. Cleeman JI. Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel Ш)[J]. JAMA, 2001; 285(543): 2486-2497.
30. Guideline Committee. 2003 European society of hypertension-European society of cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension[J]. J Hypertension, 2003; 21(23): 1011-1053.
31. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN. Implications of recent clinical trials for the national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel Ш guidelines circulateon[J]. 2004; 110(356): 227-239.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Evidence-Based Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease by Lowing Serum LDL-C Level

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

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