ObjectiveTo provide theoretical and technological support for further study of liver metabolism and disease by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of various artificial liver models (biological). MethodsLiteratures were searched and compared to summarize the requirement for liver donor, isolation, and culture of hepatocyte. ResultsIn the separation method of hepatocyte, mechanical separation method had no requirement for liver donor, and was easy to acquire hepatocyte, while the acquired hepatocyte would be destructed severely, and the survival rate was low. On the other hand, the restriction of the digestion of the hepatocytes to the liver cell samples was unlimited, while the key of the enzyme digestion method was to regulate the balance between enzyme concentration and digestion time, which was limited to function researches of hepatocyte, and research about the responds of hepatocyte against outside, and other few researches. Perfusion digestion method had been widely applied for animal test. The Ca2+, collagenase and perfusion rate, pH value, buffer, and intubation method all play vital roles. During the cultivation, we needed to choose different methods according to several experiments, and add different additives in the appropriate medium. Different biological reactors had different advantages, disadvantages, and applicable conditions. ConclusionsThe donor selection is based on various experimental purposes to harvest hepatocytes from different sources. Whether on the separation process or on the cultivation process, according to the specific circumstances, such as the concentration, perfusion time, and the choice of different kinds of culture medium, we can choose different kinds of bioreactors, but all kinds of methods are still remained with multiple insufficiencies, which require more researchers to improve.
ObjectiveTo review the disc degeneration models and the current treatment status of calcitonin. MethodsRecent literature concerning the disc degeneration models and the calcitonin treatment of disc degeneration was extensively reviewed and summarized. ResultsDifferent models of disc degeneration have advantages and disadvantages; calcitonin can relieve disc degeneration at different degrees in vitro and in vivo studies. ConclusionDisc degeneration model for the study of disc degeneration mechanism offers a variety of ideas,and the results of calcitonin treatment in the disc degeneration model can provide the basis for future experiments.
Objective To observe the fundus characteristics of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) retinopathy. Methods Eighty eyes of 52 AIDS patients with HIV retinopathy were enrolled in this study. The patients included 42 males (67 eyes) and 10 females (13 eyes). The patients ages ranged from 16 to 78 years, with a mean age of (43plusmn;12) years. All patients' visual acuity, intraocular pressure, slit-lamp microscopy and mydriatic indirect ophthalmoscopy, fundus color photography and CD4+ T cell count was documented. Experienced ocular fundus doctors carried out fundus examinations. Retinopathy characteristics were recorded. Seventeen patients (24 eyes) were followed for a period between two days to two years, with a median of 125 days. We failed to follow up the remaining 35 patients (56 eyes) due to death or moving away. Results Among 52 patients (80 eyes), 28 patients (56 eyes, 70.0%) had bilateral HIV retinopathy and 24 patients (24 eyes, 30.0%) had unilateral HIV retinopathy. Cotton-wool spots (CWS), mostly located close to temporal peripapillary vessels, were found in 46 patients (72 eyes, 90.0%). Six patients (eight eyes, 10.0%) were found to have flaming or spotting hemorrhage located in posterior pole. Among 72 eyes with CWS, 57 eyes were found to have CWS only and 15 eyes were found to also have retinal hemorrhage, mostly located near CWS. Among 24 eyes of 17 followed-up patients, three eyes of three patients were found with no significant changes during the less than two week follow-up. In 18 eyes of 11 patients, CWS or hemorrhage disappeared after one to three months without treatment and in five eyes new CWS or hemorrhage were found in other parts of the posterior pole. Three eyes of three patients initially considered as lint plaque-like lesions were eventually detected with CMVR as lesions during one to five months follow-up. Conclusion CWS are the most common ocular lesions in HIV retinopathy.
ObjectiveTo summarize the procedure of transumbilical single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) with conventional laparoscopic instruments for different tumor diameter and different site of gastric stromal tumor. MethodThe clinical data, intraoperative procedure, and postoperative recovery of 34 patients with gastric stromal tumor from December 2009 to February 2014 in this hospital were analyzed retrospectively. ResultsThe transumbilical SILS was performed successfully in all the 34 patients.Among these patients, the wedge resection of stomach was perfor-med in 27 patients, distal subtotal gastrectomy was performed in 6 patients, distal subtotal gastrectomy complicated with multivisceral resection was performed in 1 patient.The pathology confirmed that the diameter of tumors was from 0.6 cm to 10.0 cm (average 3.4 cm).The resection margins were tumor free.The risk assessment showed that tumors with extremely low risk were in 9 cases, low risk were in 17 cases, intermediate risk were in 6 cases, high risk were in 2 cases.During surgery, 9 tumors were located on the fundus of stomach, 6 tumors on the gastric greater curvature, 7 tumors on the gastric lesser curvature, 2 tumors on the anterior and posterior wall of the stomach respectively, 3 tumors on the cardia below, 4 tumors on the gastric antrum, tumor invaded the surrounding organs in 1 case.There was no conversion to open or conventional laparoscopic surgery.no intraoperative or postoperative complications were experi-enced in all the patients except one was postoperative intraperitoneal bleeding and one was incision infection.All the patients were followed for an average of 25 months (range 3-49 months), there was no evident recurrence of disease. ConclusionsThe transumbilical SILS for gastric stromal tumor is a feasible and safe technique when performed by an experienced laparoscopic surgeon.The suitable procedure of SILS should be selected for gastric stromal tumor according their different size and location.
ObjectiveTo analyze the sensitivity and specificity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests in the detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the diagnosis of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), using aqueous humor samples. Methods25 AIDS patients (including 21 men and 4 women) were studied. The age of the patients varied from 24 to 59 years, with an average of (39.2±9.3) years. The CD4+ T cell count was from 1 to 523 cells/μl, with a medium of 40 cells/μl. They were infected with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)for a period from 15 days to 9 years with a median of 10 months. They were divided into three groups according to the fundus and treatment, including untreated cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR), treated CMVR and control group. There were 10 patients without anti-CMV treatment and 7 patients treated previously with foscarnet or ganciclovir whose eyes were diagnosed CMVR. Control group has 8 patients who had normal fundus or minor retinopathy excluded from CMVR. Approximately 100 μl of aqueous humor was obtained by anterior-chamber paracentesis and PCR was performed in all cases. ResultsThere were CMV DNA in 9 of 10 eyes with untreated CMVR (90.0% sensitivity). Of 7 specimens from eyes with treated CMVR, 3 were CMV PCR positive (42.9% sensitivity). All 8 samples of the control group were negative for CMV DNA, indicating the clinical specificity of our PCR was greater than 99.9% for CMVR. The anterior chamber paracentesis did not cause any complications in our patients except for a patient with subconjunctival hemorrhage. ConclusionsThe assay had an estimated sensitivity of 90.0% in detecting untreated CMVR and a sensitivity of 42.9% in detecting CMVR that had been treated. The specificity of this assay was greater than 99.9%.