ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of FTY720 on retinal photoreceptor cells and microglial following light-induced degeneration in rat retina. Methods120 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups including FTY720 group, solvent control group, model group and normal group. The rats of normal group were not intervened. The FTY720 group, solvent control group and model group establish retinal light injury mode. FTY720 was injected into abdominal cavity of the rats in FTY720 group 0.5 hours before light exposure. 50% dimethylsulfoxide was injected into abdominal cavity of the rats in solvent control group. The expressions of microglial cells in rat retinal were quantified using flow cytometry, the expressions of interleukin (IL)-1βwere examined by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay at 6 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days after light exposure. The apoptosis of retinal photoreceptor cells were measured by terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling at 1 day after light exposure. The morphological change of retinal were viewed by haematoxylin and eosin staining at 7 days after light exposure. ResultsThe expressions of microgilal and IL-1βbegan to rise at 1 day after light exposure, reached at peak at 3 days and decreased at 7 days. The expressions of IL-1βand microglial in FTY720 group were significantly lower than solvent control group and model group, but higher than normal group (P < 0.05).One day after exposure to light, the apoptosis cell ratio in normal group, model group, solvent control group and FTY720 group were 0, (87.66±2.50)%, (86.00±2.44)%, (49.66±2.80)%. The apoptosis cell in FTY720 group were higher than normal group, lower than solvent control group and model group (P < 0.05). Seven days after exposure to light, the retinal in normal group was structured and the cell was arranged well, the cell in solvent control group and model group was irregular arrangement and the outer nuclear layer (ONL) was thin after light exposure. The thickness of the ONL in FTY720 group was significantly higher than solvent control group and model group, below normal group. ConclusionFTY720 can prevents retinal photoreceptor cells from apoptosis and inhibits activation of microglial.
The motor nervous system transmits motion control information through nervous oscillations, which causes the synchronous oscillatory activity of the corresponding muscle to reflect the motion response information and give the cerebral cortex feedback, so that it can sense the state of the limbs. This synchronous oscillatory activity can reflect connectivity information of electroencephalography-electromyography (EEG-EMG) functional coupling. The strength of the coupling is determined by various factors including the strength of muscle contraction, attention, motion intention etc. It is very significant to study motor functional evaluation and control methods to analyze the changes of EEG-EMG synchronous coupling caused by different factors. This article mainly introduces and compares coherence and Granger causality of linear methods, the mutual information and transfer entropy of nonlinear methods in EEG-EMG synchronous coupling, and summarizes the application of each method, so that researchers in related fields can understand the current research progress on analysis methods of EEG-EMG synchronous systematically.
Objective To observe the protective effect of ultrasound microbubble contrast agentmediated transfection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) into the retina and visual cortex on retinal ganglion cells (RGC) after optic nerve injury. Methods A total of 88 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal group (group A, eight rats), sham operation group (group B, 16 rats), control group (group C, 16 rats), eyes transfection group (group D, 16 rats), brain transfection group (group E, 16 rats), combined transfection group (group F, 16 rats). The optic nerve crush injury was induced, and then the groups B to F were divided into one-week and two-week after optic nerve injury subgroup with eight rats each, respectively. The rats in group B and C underwent intravitreal and visual cortex injection with phosphate buffered solution respectively. The rats in group D and E underwent intravitreal and visual cortex injection with the mixture solution of microbubbles and BDNF plasmids respectively. The rats in group F underwent both intravitreal and visual cortex injection with the mixture solution of microbubbles and BDNF plasmids at the same time. The ultrasound exposure was performed on the rats in group D to F after injection with the mixture solution of microbubbles and BDNF plasmids. One and two weeks after optic nerve injury, RGC were retrogradely labeled with Fluorogold; active caspase-3 protein was observed by immunohistochemistry and the N95 amplitude was detected by pattern electroretinogram (PERG). Results Golden fluorescence can be observed exactly in labeled RGC in all groups，the difference of the number of RGC between the six groups and ten subgroups were significant（F=256.30，65.18；P＜0.01）. Active caspase-3 in ganglion cell layer was detected in group C to F, but not in group A and B. The difference of the N95 amplitude between the six groups and ten subgroups were significant（F=121.56，82.38；P＜0.01）.Conclusion Ultrasound microbubble contrast agent-mediated BDNF transfection to the rat retina and visual cortex can inhibit the RGC apoptosis after optic nerve injury and protect the visual function.
Objective To investigate the enhancing effect of ultrasound microbubbles on transfection of recombinant adenoassociated virus (rAAV) mediated green fluorecent protein (EGFP) gene into retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in vivo.Methods A total of 40 adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups randomly (group A,B,C,D) with 10 rats in each. Group A was the normal control, in which the rats underwent intravitreal injection with 5 mu;l phosphate buffered solution. The rats in group B underwent intravitreal injection with 5 mu;l recombinant adenoassociated virus encoding EGFP gene (rAAV2-EGFP). The rats in group C underwent ultrasound irradiation on eyes right after intravitreal injection with 5 mu;l rAAV2-EGFP; The ultrasound irradiation was performed on the rats in group D right after intravitreal injection with the mixture solution of microbubbles and rAAV2-EGFP ultrasound. After 21 days, RGC were labeled retogradely with fluogold. Seven days after labeling, the retinal flatmounts and frozen sections were made from five rats in each group. Expression of EGFP reporter gene was observed by laser scanning confocal microscope and evaluated via average optical intensity (AOD) and RGC transfection rate. Labeled RGC were counted to evaluate the adverse effects.Results Green fluorescence can be observed exactly in labeled RGC in B，C，and D groups. The AOD and transfection rate in group D was （95.02plusmn;7.25）% and（20.10plusmn;0.74）% , respectively; which were higher than those in group B and C (F=25.970，25.799；P＜0.01). The difference of the number of RGC among the four groups was not significant(F=0.877,P＞0.05). Conclusion Under the condition of low frequency and with certain energy, ultrasoundmediated microbubble destruction can effectively and safely enhance rAAV delivery to RGC in rats.
Objective To observe the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) combined with kinesio taping (KT) on chronic non-specific low back pain (CNLBP). Methods CNLBP patients who visited the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University between January 2021 and January 2022 were selected. The included patients were divided into ESWT group, KT group, and combined treatment group using a random number table method. All patients received conventional rehabilitation. The ESWT group was treated with ESWT, the KT group was given KT therapy, and the combined treatment group were treated with ESWT and KT with the same treatment frequency as before. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), MOS 36-item Short form Health Survey (SF-36) and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) were used to evaluate pain severity, lumbar spine function, quality of life, and anxiety status in all groups before and 4 weeks after treatment, respectively. Results A total of 85 patients were included. Among them, there were 29 cases in the ESWT group, 28 cases in the KT group, and 28 cases in the combined treatment group. There was no adverse event in any group. The intra-group comparison results showed that the VAS, ODI, and SAS scores of the three groups after 4 weeks of treatment were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), while the SF-36 scores in all dimensions were higher than those before treatment (P<0.05). Before treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in VAS, ODI, SAS, or SF-36 scores among the three groups (P>0.05). After 4 weeks of treatment, there were statistically significant differences in VAS, ODI, SAS, and SF-36 scores among the three groups (P<0.05). The results of multiple comparisons between groups showed that the VAS scores of the ESWT group and the combination therapy group were lower than those of the KT group (P<0.05); the ODI scores of the combination therapy group were lower than those of the ESWT group and the KT group (P<0.05); the SAS scores of the combination therapy group were lower than those of the KT group (P<0.05); the SF-36 scores of each dimension were compared in pairs among the three groups, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); there was no statistically significant difference in pairwise comparison of other indicators between groups (P>0.05). Conclusion ESWT combined with KT can more effectively improve the pain and lumbar spine function of patients with CNLBP, and improve the quality of life of patients.
Objective To observe the protection effects of ultrasonic microbubbles combined with memantine on rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after optic nerve injury. Methods Forty Sprague-Dawley adult male rats were randomly divided into normal control group (group A), sham operation group (group B), blank control group (group C), memantine group (group D) and memantine and ultrasonic microbubbles group (group E), 8 rats in each group. Then A - E groups were randomly divided into 1 week subgroup and 2 weeks subgroup after the optic nerve injury, 4 rats in each subgroup. Group A had no interference treatment. The optic nerves in group B eyes were exposed but not clamped. Normal saline was injected into the vitreous, and those eyes were immediately radiated with ultrasound. The optic nerves in Group C - E were exposed and clamped to establish the optic nerve clamped models. Normal saline was injected into the vitreous of group C eyes; memantine was injected into the vitreous of group D eyes; ultrasonic microbubble and memantine was orderly injected into the vitreous of group E eyes and those eyes were immediately radiated with ultrasound. One week and 2 weeks after the optic nerve injury, RGC was labeled by retrograde fluorogold to count the RGC number; flash visual evoked potential (F-VEP) was used to record the incubation period and amplitude of P100 wave; fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the pathological morphology change of retinal cell. Results There were goldlabeled RGCs on the retina of group A-E. The difference of RGC count was not statistically significant between group A and B (q=0.018, 0.011; P=0.986, 0.873). Compared to group A, the RGC count in group C-E were decreased significantly (F=85.944, P=0.012). The RGC count in group D was significantly higher than that in group C (q=1.721, 1.924; P=0.043, 0.037). The RGC count in group E was significantly higher than that in group C and D (q=1.128, 1.482, P=0.027, 0.008; q=1.453, 1.855, P=0.031, 0.010).F-VEP showed that there was no statistically significant difference of incubation period and amplitude of P100 wave between group A and B (q=0.008, 0.019,P= 0.981, 0.946; q=0.072, 0.052, P=0.737, 0.851). Compared to group A, the incubation period were lengthened and the amplitude were decreased in group C- E with statistically significant (F=134.312, 106.312; P=0.017, 0.009). Observed under the electron microscope, the retinal structure of group A, B eyes was normal, but there were varying degrees of edema and thickening, RGC loss in group C-E eyes. Conclusions Memantine and ultrasonic microbubble can inhibit the rat RGC loss after optic nerve injury, and improve the visual function.
ObjectiveTo analyze the recent clinical results of emergency conversion of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) to surgery, and summarize the clinical experience. Methods The clinical data of patients who underwent TAVR emergency conversion surgery in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from 2018 to 2023 were collected, and the results of 1-month follow-up after surgery were recorded. Results Totally 253 patients underwent TAVR, and 11 patients underwent emergency conversion to surgery, with an emergency conversion rate of 4.3%. Among the 11 patients, 7 were males and 4 were females, with an average age of 69.55±5.01 years. The causes of urgent conversion to surgery in TAVR were valve stent displacement (63.6%), left ventricular perforation and rupture (18.2%), and a large amount of perivalvular reflux (18.2%) after the insertion of the second valve. One patient died intraoperative, with a perioperative mortality rate of 9.1%. Among the 10 surviving patients, 8 had pulmonary infection, 7 severe pneumonia, 3 pleural effusion, 8 liver function injury, 3 renal function injury, 5 upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 1 cerebrovascular complications, 1 atrial fibrillation, 1 ventricular premature contraction, 1 atrioventricular block, and 3 complete left bundle branch block. After one month of postoperative follow-up, one patient died. The 30-day mortality rate after TAVR emergency conversion surgery was 18.2%, and the quality of life of 9 patients (81.8%) improved significantly compared to before surgery. There were no readmission patients with cardiovascular system diseases. Conclusion The incidence of emergency conversion to surgery in TAVR is low, but the incidence of surgical complications is high, and the 30-day postoperative mortality rate is also high. When severe complications occur during TAVR surgery, emergency conversion to surgical surgery can still bring good early clinical results for most patients.