It has been 36 years since the first version of essential medicine list (EML) was released by WHO in 1977,when 18 versions of WHO-EML and four versions of children essential medicine list have been released. In 1982, the first version of national essential medicine list (NEML) was released in China. Till 2012, there were eight versions of NEML in total. This paper introduces WHO-EML in aspects of origin, idea, definition, design, and innovation of selection methodology,principle, and workflow; compares the evolution, design, selection methodology between WHO-EML and Chinese NEML; and points out the challenges of evaluation and decision making of Chinese NEML.
Objective To investigate the current status of higher education of allied health professions (AHPs), professional human resource as well as the career development of allied health professionals, and to provide references for the planning of higher education of AHPs in China. Methods Literature was reviewed in relation to the current status of higher education of AHPs and professional human resource in China. A questionnaire survey was conducted to determine the career development conditions of allied health professionals. Results a) Currently, the higher education of AHPs in China was faced with such problems as a limited scale, a lower structural level, and an absent degree system. b) The number of allied health professionals was small with lower qualifications. Higher-end professionals were in shortage. C) The professionals saw multiples glass ceilings over career orientation, academic advancement, and professional entitlement. Conclusion Efforts should be made to expand the scale of higher education of AHPs, elevate degree structure, and to construct a professional education system with multiple layers and categories. The professional education should be combined with the career development for planning and collaboration to provide assurance for the career development of the professional in China.
近年来，在国内重要学术会议上无不谈及微创外科（技术）的问题，其中最具代表性的是中国工程院于2001年10月在北京举办的工程科技论坛“微创外科新概念”和2002年10月“中国微创外科杂志”创刊一周年大会对微创概念及相关领域技术的研讨。虽然对Minimally Invasive Procedure, Minimally Invasive Surgery, Minimal Access Surgery的中文译名和微创外科（技术）是否可以形成一个新的学科或分支学科存在着争议［1～6］，但这样的研讨却促进了我国微创外科的快速发展。现就微创概念和微创外科技术在重要领域的进展作一简单介绍。
慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD)是全球性高发病率、高死亡率以及高卫生保健费用的重要疾病之一。2001年COPD是发达国家第5位的致死原因，占总死亡数的3．8％；在发展中国家则为第6位致死原因，占总死亡数的4．9％[1]。随着全球人口的老龄化，COPD负担将逐年增加。因此，在未来数年内我们必须共同面对挑战，实施有成本效益的防治策略，以遏制这一疾病及其耗费。