ObjectiveTo study the relationship between mesenchymal transition epithelial (EMT) and the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis of gastric cancer, and to seek to block the EMT process so as to achieve the purpose of treating tumor. MethodsThe literatures of EMT, signal pathway, and gastric cancer were analyzed by querying the PubMed. ResultsThe function and regulation mechanism of EMT is closely related to the development of gastric cancer, in the growth and proliferation of gastric cancer, tumor invasion and metastasis through a variety of signaling pathways play a role, with a great clinical application prospects. ConclusionsEMT and tumor metastasis is very close, almost involved in every process of metastasis. It is necessary to further study the relationship between EMT and cancer, including gastric carcinoma metastasis. A new way for the treatment of human gastric cancer.
ObjectiveTo investigate the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of fast track surgery (FTS) in gastrointestinal tract injury. MethodsThe data of 61 patients with gastrointestinal tract injury from July 2007 to July 2013 were retrospectively analyzed, among whom 29 patients were received FTS (FTS group) and 32 patients were received conventional care (control group). The first flatus and defecation time, hospital stay, rates of wound infection and lung infection, and the mortality were compared between these two groups. ResultsThe average first flatus and defecation time and the average hospital stay in the FTS group were significantly shorter than those in the control group (2.21 d versus 3.16 d, P=0.000; 7.45 d versus 9.78 d, P=0.000). The rate of lung infection in the FTS group were significantly lower than that in the control group[3.4% (1/29) versus 21.9% (7/32), P=0.033]. The rate of wound infection and the mortality had no significant differences between the FST group and the control group[3.4% (1/29) versus 15.6% (5/32), P=0.111; 0(0/29) versus 3.1% (1/32), P=0.337]. ConclusionsFTS is safe and effective among those gastrointestinal tract injury patients who visited the hospital in time and injury limited. FTS could promote defecate, shorter the hospital stay, and don't increase the complications and mortality.
Objective To summarize the roles of tumor initiating cells （TICs） and epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） in tumor metastasis and drug resistance. Methods Domestic and international publications online which involving TICs，EMT，and its roles in tumor metastasis and drug resistance in recent years were reviewed. Results TICs were self-renewal cells and had the ability to give rise to more differentiated cell types，and played an important role in tumor metastasis and drug resistance. Various markers had been used to identify TICs，such as CD133，CD44，and so on. EMT was the process by which epithelial cells losed polarity and detach from the epithelial sheet， and acquired a motile mesenchymal phenotype，usually observed in embryo development and wound healing. It also could promote tumor progression and metastasis，and may also be responsible for the ability of tumors to evade the body’s immune response. EMT may be the reasons of TICs that drived tumor metastasis and recurrence. TICs or EMT as a target for treatments may effectively prevent tumor recurrence and improve patient’s survival. Conclusions EMT is probably the mechanism that TICs promote tumor metastasis and drug resistance. More effective target therapies for cancer may be found if we know more about TICs and EMT.
Objective To summarize the development of gallbladder carcinoma related resistance genes and targeted therapy. Methods Domestic and international publications online involving resistance genes and targeted therapy of gallbladder carcinoma in recent years were collected and reviewed. Results Recent studies had shown that chemotherapy drug resistance of gallbladder carcinoma mainly involved lysosome protein transmembrane β4 （LAPTM4B） gene， NF-E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） gene， and cancer stem cells （CSCs）. While the latest gene targets of treatment for gallbladder carcinoma mainly involved LAPTM4B， Nemo-like kinase （NLK）， tissue factor way inhibitor-2 （TFPI-2）， vascular endothelial growth factor-D （VEGF-D）， epidermal growth factor receptor （EGFR）， and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 7/interleukin 24 （mda-7/IL-24） gene. Conclusion The research involving resistance genes and targeted therapy of gallbladder carcinoma has make a certain progress， which broaden the concept of traditional treatment of gallbladder carcinoma.
Objective To review the role of mTOR signal pathway in chemo-resistance of gastric cancer. Methods Domestic and international publications related mTOR signal pathway in chemo-resistance of gastric cancer in recent years were collected and reviewed. Results mTOR was a central signaling molecule of mTOR signal pathway， which regulated key cellular processes such as cell growth， cell proliferation， cell metabolism， and angiogenesis. Signaling molecules of mTOR signal pathway were overexpressed in gastric cancer. Moreover， mTOR signal pathway might play an important role in chemo-resistance of gastric cancer， and tumor stem cells were involved in it too. Conclusion As mTOR signal pathway plays an important role in chemo-resistance of gastric cancer， the combination of mTOR inhibitors and chemotherapy drugs may overcome the chemo-resistance of gastric cancer.
Objective To summarize the status of tumor stem cells investigations in gastrointestinal carcinoma. Methods Domestic and international publications online involving tumor stem cells of gastrointestinal carcinoma in recent years were collected and reviewed. Results There are a small quantity of cancer cells shown some stem cell characteristics. They are named tumor stem cell and play an important role in tumorigenesis, proliferation, metastasis and recurrence. And also, tumor stem cells can resist the effect of antineoplastic drugs and lead to tumor recurrence. These tumor-initiating cells are CD133-positive in the gastrointestinal carcinomas, especially in colorectal cancers. CD133-positive colorectal cancer cells have the abilities of clone, proliferation, differentiation and form metastases. And a high CD133 mRNA content was found in the blood of patients who suffered from bone metastases. Conclusion The characteristics of CD133-positive cancer cell and the mechanisms of stem cell-niche system are the basis of developing better methods to tumor diagnosis and treatment, and provide theoretical basis of new methods, such as targeted therapy.
Objective To summarize the research progress of gastrointestinal stem cells and its role in gastric neoplasms. Methods The literatures related effect of gastrointestinal stem cells niche， gastrointestinal stem cells markers，and the cancer stem cell theory in the gastric neoplasms were retrieved through PubMed， the research progress of gastrointestinal stem cells and cancer stem cells in the gastric neoplasms was explored. Results The cancer stem cell theory arose a decade ago. Gastrointestinal stem cells played a very important role in the gastric neoplasms， which had specific markers and their niches included many kinds of tissue factors. Inflammation could induce gastrointestinal stem cells dysplasia and become cancer stem cells， which promoted the growth， invasion， and metastasis of the gastric neoplasms. Conclusions Gastric cancer stem cells could be one of an effective target in treatment for gastric neoplasms， and it may be provide a new breakthrough in treatment for gastric neoplasms.
ObjectiveTo summarize the role of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition （EMT） in occurrence and development of gastrointestinal cancer. MethodsDomestic and international publications online involving EMT of gastrointestinal cancer in recent years were collected and reviewed. ResultsEMT was a highly conserved process that has been well characterised in embryogenesis. Studies had shown that the aberrant activation of EMT in adult epithelia could promote tumour metastasis by repressing cell adhesion molecules. E-cadherin， one of the epithelial cell markers, maybe involved in the process of the EMT, especially of the Ecadherin transcriptional repressors， these transcriptional repressors significantly increased in the gastrointestinal cancer. Further more， EMT might involve in the process of gastrointestinal cancer stem cells formation. ConclusionsEMT and it’s regulators play a very important role in gastrointestinal cancer， and may provide a newsight into the gastrointestinal cancer. It also can provide a novel clinical targets to treat the gastrointestinal cancer.
Objective To summarize the relationships between chemokines or chemokine receptors, especially CCL19/CCL21-CCR7 and CXCL12-CXCR4 axis and occurrence and development of gastric cancer. Methods Domestic and international publications online involving the relationships between chemokines, chemokine recepotors and gastric cancer in recent years were collected and reviewed. Results By regulating the microenvironment of the growth of gastric cancer, CCL19/CCL21-CCR7 played an important role in lymph node metastasis and CXCL12-CXCR4 axis played a key role in the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis. CCR7 might function as a specific prognostic marker for lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer. Blocking the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis might be useful for the future development of a more effective therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer involved in peritoneal dissemination. Conclusions Chemokines and chemokine receptors promote the evolution of gastric cancer in variable ways, so the mechanisms of which should be comprehended to provide a theoretical basis for the future treatment. As new therapeutic targets, chemokines and chemokine receptors have a prosperity for the clinic evaluation and treatment of gastric cancer.