Objective To further strengthen the understanding of the genesis of thyroid tumors through the analysis of thyroid nodules in the clonal origin. Method The related literatures which discussed the clonality of thyroid nodules were reviewed and analyzed. Results About the clonal origin of thyroid nodules， the X chromosome inactivation detection and single gene mutation detection were the most widely chosen one at present. Most of the materials available at present related to X chromosome inactivation proposed that major part of the thyroid nodules were monoclonal and the malignant cells spreaded by means of the inner lymphatic vessel net，whereas polyclonal and monoclonal thyroid nodules coexisted occasionally. Only BRAF mutation was found of certain importance in clonal origin identification in the thyroid nodules. Conclusions Thyroid nodule is prevalent in clinical practice，while the clonality of thyroid nodules especially the thyroid tumor is not clear. And for the time being the commonly used methods to identify the clonal origin of thyroid nodule are X chromosome inactivation and single gene mutation detection. Published results confirm the finding of X chromosome inactivation methods that the majority of thyroid nodules are monoclonally originated.
ObjectiveTo compare the outcomes of kidney transplantation (KT) between Tibetan and Han recipients.MethodsPatients greater than 18 years old, who had received the first ABO-compatible KT between April 2006 and March 2017, were retrospectively included. A propensity score matching (PSM) of Tibetans to Hans was performed by 1∶3 ratio. Survival, renal function and adverse events of the two groups were compared.ResultsOf the 1 820 patients who fit the screening criteria, 123 Tibetans and 357 Hans were included after PSM. The median follow-up time was 48 months. There was no statistically significant difference in death-censored grafts survival (P=0.061) or patients survival (P=0.440) between the two groups. The serum creatinine was higher in Tibetans than that in Hans within one year after KT (P<0.05), and the estimated glomerular filtration rate was lower in Tibetans than that in Hans within 5 years after KT (P<0.05), but no difference thereafter (P>0.05). The incidence of delayed graft function in Tibetan patients after operation was higher than that in Han patients (4.9% vs. 1.4%, P=0.037), but there was no significant difference in the incidence of acute rejection, infection, reoperation, or cancer between the two groups (P>0.05).ConclusionTibetans receiving KT achieve excellent and comparable long-term graft and patient survival to Hans, with similar long-term graft function.
ObjectiveTo summarize the perioperative management experience and the treatment strategy of hyperkalemia after simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK).MethodThe clinical data of patients with diabetes combined with end-stage renal disease who accepted SPK in the Organ Transplantation Center of West China Hospital of Sichuan University from November 2017 to November 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsA total of 6 patients accepted SPK totally. The cold ischemia time of all allografts was less than 8 h. The levels of fasting blood glucose and serum creatinine were normal in the 5 surviving patients, and the diabetic complications were relieved or improved, except for 1 patient who died of cardiac arrest due to acute left heart failure. There were 1 case of delayed primary renal function recovery, 2 cases of bleeding in the surgical area of pancreas transplantation, 1 case of gastrointestinal bleeding, 3 cases of microthrombosis in the blood vessels of pancreas transplantation, 2 cases of perirenal effusion infection, 2 cases of pulmonary infection, and 1 case of ureterobladder anastomotic leakage, all of which were cured after symptomatic treatment. Only 2 patients occurred hyperkalemia after SPK (the highest level was 6.49 mmol/L and 6.67 mmol/L respectively), and transfusion of 10% glucose injection contain insulin, emergency dialysis and oral fludrocortisone were successively performed on them to restore the potassium density in 1 month and 2 months after surgery. There were no complications of perioperative surgical technical hemorrhage, intestinal leakage, large arteriovenous thrombosis, necrotizing pancreatitis, etc.ConclusionsSPK is the most effective treatment for patients with diabetes combined with end-stage renal disease. Transfusion of 10% glucose injection contain insulin, emergency dialysis, and oral fludrocortisone are effective strategies in treating hyperkalemia after SPK.
ObjectiveTo explore the effect of donation after citizen death (DCD) kidney transplantations performed in Sichuan.MethodsThe data of 97 cases of DCD kidney transplantations performed in West China Hospital of Sichuan University between January 2012 and March 2016 was retrospectively reviewed. The 53 donors were aged from 7 months to 54 years (with a median of 28 years, and lower quartile of 15 years and upper quartile of 45 years), including 40 males and 13 females; the causes of death included craniocerebral trauma in 21 cases, craniocerebral tumor in 12 cases, cerebrovascular accident in 15 cases, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in 4 cases, and hydrocephalus in 1 case. The 97 recipients were aged from 18 to 66 years (with a median of 39 years, and lower quartile of 30 years and upper quartile of 44 years), including 71 males and 26 females. The recipients were classified into C-Ⅰ (n=36) and C-Ⅲ (n=61) according to type of donation. The baseline and perioperative situation of the donors and recipients, and the postoperative kidney function, infection, recipient survival and kidney survival of the recipients were analyzed.ResultsAfter transplantation, none of primary graft nonfunction occurred but delayed graft function (DGF) occurred in 26 cases. There were no significant differences in creatinine level between C-Ⅰ and C-Ⅲ recipients at 1 week [(226.71±187.46) vs. (249.94±249.84) μmol/L, P=0.636], 1 month [(136.32±63.34) vs. (157.37±147.83) μmol/L, P=0.428], 3 months [(110.51±25.26) vs. (115.02±36.60) μmol/L, P=0.527] and 12 months [(103.42±21.57) vs. (104.18±39.36) μmol/L, P=0.911] after transplantation, as well as acute rejection [13.9% vs. 19.7%, P=0.469] and complications at early time after transplantation. There were no significant differences in 1-year recipient survival rate (91.7% vs. 93.4%) and 1-year kidney survival rate (100.0% vs. 91.8%) between C-Ⅰ and C-Ⅲ recipients.ConclusionDCD kidney transplantation has excellent short-term outcomes despite a high incidence of early DGF, and may represent another potential method to safely expand the donor pool.
Objective To explore the effect of kidney transplantation on chronic prostatitis-like symptoms. Methods A total of 300 male renal transplant recipients between January 2015 and January 2017 were collected in the study. All recipients received the questionnaire survey of the National Institute of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) preoperatively and at 3 months after transplantation. The score and relevant risk factors were statistically analyzed. Results A total of 210 recipients (70.0%) completed questionnaire effectively, in whom 150 (71.4%) had preoperative and 90 (42.9%) had postoperative chronic prostatitis-like symptoms, respectively. In the 210 patients, the preoperative and postoperative pain score was 6.57±3.12 vs. 3.57±3.16 (P<0.001), voiding score was 3.71±2.38vs. 3.29±2.66 (P=0.116), quality of life score was 7.57±1.60 vs. 5.14±2.75 (P<0.001), and the total NIH-CPSI score was 17.86±3.81vs. 12.00±6.65 (P<0.001), respectively. The severity of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms was alleviated significantly after kidney transplantation. Conclusion Kidney transplantation can alleviate the chronic prostatitis-like symptoms significantly, and improve the quality of life in uremia patients.