Objective To evaluate the feasibil ity of direct anastomosis in the rat model of the brachial plexus extravertebral foramen nerve root division of C5-7. Methods Forty-eight SD rats (male or female) aging 4-6 months and weighing 250-300 g were selected to make the model of extravertebral foramen nerve root division of C5-7. The left C5-7 nerve roots, as the experimental sides, were separated to the brachial plexus nerve trunk and the transected roots were sutured to theproximal stump immediately after cutting off the brachial plexus extravertebral foramen nerve root division. The right C5-7nerve roots, as the control sides, received no operation. The general condition of rats after operation was observed. The gross observation, the histological observation and BDA nerve tracing technology were adopted to observe the wet weight of musculus biceps brachii, the cross section of biceps brachii and the spinal cord and distal nerve trunk at 3 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after operation. Results All rats survived well after operation. Claudication and unfold claw reflex were observed in the experimental sides, and the unfold claw reflex disappeared 3 months later. Comparatively, the control sides were normal. Nerve adhesion aggravated gradually and the neural stems were shriveled within 6 months after operation in the experimental sides. Comparatively, the control sides were normal. The wet weight of biceps brachii in the experimental sides and the control sides at 3 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after operation was (0.28 ± 0.12), (1.37 ± 0.33), (0.58 ± 0.10), (1.36 ± 0.35), (1.39 ± 0.31), (1.37 ± 0.38) g, respectively, indicating significant differences between two sides at 3 weeks and 3 months (P lt; 0.05), but no significant difference at 6 months (P gt; 0.05). The modified Marsland and the LFB staining of spinal cord and superior trunk of brachial plexus showed that the number of neurons, cell nuclear and Nissl body decreased and cell bodies changed from swell ing to shrinkage, dyeing nerve fibers increased, neural axone was thin and myel in sheath was sl ightly stained at each time point in experimental side. The number of motor neurons in cornu anterius medullae spinal is in the experimental side was 84.5% ± 3.2%, 74.4% ± 4.5%, 73.7% ± 3.8% of that in the control side at each time point, respectively. HE staining of biceps brachii detected thatthe muscle denaturation was very serious at 3 months after operation and then recovered. Neural tracing used BDA showed that the closer to the proximal of nerve trunk, the more obviously stained it was of myel in sheath and the more massive of axon at 6 months after operation. And there was almost no myel in and axon stained in musculocutaneous nerve. Conclusion In the rat model of brachial plexus extravertebral foramen nerve root division, the motoneuron in cornu anterius medullae spinal is necrosis rate reaches 20%-30%, and most of the residual neurons are pathologic. The regenerated fibers manifest as insufficient dynamic power and incomplete development, making no sense for the recovery of end organ function. Therefore, the exact mechanism of the recovery of biceps brachial muscle demands further study.
Objective To explore the changes of morphology and ventricornual motor neuronsin SD rats’ ventral horn of spinal cord after radiated as the therapy protocol for breast cancer, to discover the rule of radiationinduced injury of brachialplexus, and also if there exits the reversible conversion in neurons. Methods Twenty SD rats were selected. The left side of the rats was used as the radiation side, and the right side as the control side. The RIBPI animal models were established by divideddose of radiation. Using 2 Gy/time and 5 times/week, a total administered dose reached 30 Gy after 3 weeks. The behaviour of the rats was observed after radiation. At 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks after the last radiation (n=4), the wet weights of biceps brachii muscle, upperlimb circumference and compound action potential were examined; the pathological changes of biceps brachiimuscle, the morphological changes, counts of the motor neurons in ventral horn and axons of bilateral spinal cord were observed by HE staining, argentums staining and toluidine blue staining. Results The rats showed lameness and a “claw hand” 3 weeks after radiation. Compared with control side, thewet weights of biceps brachii muscle and upperlimb circumference were significantly reduced, meanwhile, the compound action potential significantly decreased, and its latent period was also significantly prolonged 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks (Plt;0.05). The histological observation: Musculocutaneous nerve showed decreased medullated fibers, heterogeneous ditribution and decreased density, thin myelin sheath, damaged nerve structure and collagen hyperplasia; biceps brachii muscle showed degeneration, fiber breakage and inflammatory cell infiltration; The account of motor neurons in ventral horn was significantly decreased in the radiation side with time extending, the sign of cell death, such as, the neurons crimple, and karyolysis were observed(Plt;0.05). Conclusion Large dose of X-ray can inducedbrachial plexus injury, and the lameness, a “claw hand”, biceps brachii muscle atrophy and the compound action potential abnormality. The account of motor neurons in ventral horn was significantly decreased. The motor neurons showed oxonal degeneration and myelinec degeration.
Objective To investigate the velvet antler polypeptide (VAP) on sciatic nerve regeneration in rats through local administration and VAP-PLGA compound membrane. Methods The 3, 15 mg/g of VAP-PLGA compound membranewere prepared by compounding VAP and PLGA, respectively. Seventy-two Wistar rats, male or female, aged 3-6 months and weighing (250 ± 50) g, were selected to make the model of sciatic nerve section. Then, all rats were randomized into 4 groups (n=18): group A in which nothing was given after anatomosis, group B in which 1 mL of VAP at the concentration of 10 mg/L was injected into the gastrocnemius muscle medial for every other day, group C in which 3 mg/g of VAP-PLGA compound membrane was given to the nerve anastomotic stoma and group D in which 15 mg/g of VAP-PLGA compound membrane was given to the nerve anastomotic stoma. The sciatic adhesion degree observation, electrophysiological examination, immunohistochemical staining and hemi-quantity calculation and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing were conducted 2, 4 and 6 weeks after operation, respectively. Results All rats survived to the end of the experiment, without foot ulcer or neuroma. Severer nervous adherence was observed in group A, mild adherence in group B, and no adherence in groups C and D 2, 4 and 6 weeks after operation, respectively. The recovery rate of the evoked potential of triceps surae in groups B, C and D was better than that in group A (P lt; 0.01), group D was superior to groups B and C (P lt; 0.05) at each time point. No significant difference between group B and group C (P gt; 0.05) 2, 4 weeks after operation was detected, but group C was superior to group B (P lt; 0.05) 6 weeksafter operation. For the regenerative fiber axon and the expression of myelin sheath TGF-β1 and IGF antigen, the staining intensity in groups B, C and D was higher than that in group A at each time point (P lt; 0.05), and there were significant differences between group D and groups B and C 6 weeks after operation (P lt; 0.05), but no difference between groups B and C (P gt; 0.05). The HRP retrograde tracing showed that the myelinated nerve fiber stained by HRP gradually increased as time passed by and myelinated nerve fiber stained by HRP in groups B, C and D was much more than that in group A, and group D was superior to the other groups. No significant difference between group B and group C was detected. Conclusion To apply VAP through either local administration or VAP-PLGA compound membrane around the attached site of nerve anastomosis is capable of promoting nerve regeneration, which has an obvious dose-effect relationship with the dose of VAP. Meanwhile, VAP-PLGA compound membrane can prevent the nerve adhesion.
Objective To study the functional change of nerve trunk after removing the partial bundles of ulnar nerve, to propose the concept of functional reserve of peripheral nerves and to investigate the functional reserve quantity of peripheral nerves. Methods Two hundred and twenty SD rats (male or female), aging 3 months and weighing 300-350 g, were randomized into the experimental group and the control group (n=110 per group). And the experimental group wassubdivided into group 1/8, group 1/4, group 1/3, group 1/2 and group 2/3 according to the resection portion (n=22 per group). In the experimental group, the section of the lowest level on ulnar nerve trunks was exposed, and a certain portion of its bundles was separated and cut, while in the control group the bundles were only separated without resection. The general condition of all rats was observed, and the motoneurons in cornu anterius medullae spinal is were detected at 1 week, 2 weeks and 2 months after operation. The neuro-electrophysiology and the function of dominated muscles were detected at 2 weeks, 2 months, 3 months, and 4 months after operation. Results All the rats survived without infection and obvious ulcer in the l imbs. The number of motoneurons in cornu anterius medullae spinal is in various experimental subgroups witnessed no obvious changes (P gt; 0.05). The superstructure changed obviously at the early postoperative stage in group 1/2 and group 2/3, but restored well at 2 months after operation. For the latent period of evoked potential, there was no significant difference between the various experimental subgroups and the control group at each time point (P gt; 0.05), but there was a significant difference among the various experimental subgroups when compared the time points of 2, 3 and 4 months to that of 2 weeks (P lt; 0.05) and no statistically significant difference at other time points (P gt; 0.05). For the wave ampl itude of evoked potential of motor nerves, the maximum wave ampl itude and the persistence time of the dominate muscle, there were significant differences between the various experimental subgroups and the control group at each time point (P lt; 0.05), and there were significant differences among the various experimental subgroups when comparing the time points of 2, 3 and 4 months to that of 2 weeks (P lt; 0.05) and no statistical significance at other time points (Pgt; 0.05). Conclusion The functional reserve of the ulnar nerve withoutcompromise accounts the 1/3 of the whole trunk diameter.