目的 探讨乳腺导管扩张症的临床特点、诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗。方法 对我院1990年至1999年收治的30例乳腺导管扩张症患者，进行一般情况、治疗及预后的回顾性分析和总结。结果 本组病例平均发病年龄42岁，首发症状以乳腺肿块和乳头溢液多见，病变多位于乳晕周围，所有患者均行手术治疗。结论 乳腺导管扩张症为非感染性炎症，病史长、易反复，鉴别诊断有一定困难，均需外科治疗。
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of genetic modulation of the hepatic graft with IL-10 during liver preservation in rat liver transplantation. MethodsEleven cases of orthotopic liver transplantation were performed in Lewis to BN rats according to the cuff’s technique. All rats were divided into 3 groups,which were control group(n=3), Lipo group(n=4) and Lipo-rIL-10 group(n=4). Lipofectamine 2000-pCR3.1 complex and Lipofectamine 2000-pCR3.1 rIL10 complex were respectively injected into portal vein and kept for 45 minutes to transfect grafts during cold preservation in vitro. All rats were killed on postoperative day 6. Serum samples were collected for decting IL-10 by means ELISA. Transgene expression of rIL-10 was assessed by means of RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. ResultsIn Lipo-rIL-10 group, levels of IL-10 from suprahepatic vena cava were significant higher than those from infrahepatic vena cava (P=0.024), transgene expression of rIL-10 in Lipo-rIL-10 were higher than those of control group and Lipo group assessed by means of RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. ConclusionDuring cold preservation in vitro through portal vein injection to donor liver, liposome mediated gene transfection can successfully achieve local gene expression.
ObjectiveTo detect the difference in the osteogenesis ability of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramic granular materials with different mesoporous diameters prepared at different sintering temperatures through in vivo and in vitro experiments, so as to provide evidence for screening BCP materials with better clinical application parameters.MethodsThree kinds of BCP (materials 1, 2, 3) were prepared by mixing hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) at a ratio of 8∶2 and sintered at 1 050, 1 150, and 1 250℃ for 3 hours, respectively. The internal porosity and the diameter, volume, and area of the mesopore were measured by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller test (BET); the composition of the material was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD); the microscopic surface morphology of the material was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The 3rd generation bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from Sprague-Dawley rats were co-cultured with the materials 1, 2, and 3 for 7 days in vitro respectively (groups A, B, and C), and the cells adhesion on the materials was observed by SEM and phalloidine staining, respectively. Cell proliferation activity was measured by cell counting kit 8 method. In vivo, 9 muscle bags were made in dorsal muscles of 9 beagles, respectively. The muscle bags were randomly divided into 3 groups (3 per beagle in each group) and materials 1, 2, and 3 were placed into the muscle bags of groups A, B, and C, respectively. After 1, 2, and 3 months of operation, 3 beagles were anesthetized and the samples were stained with HE, Masson, and Safranin, and the bone formation area ratio in the BCP gap was calculated. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the expressions of bone-related genes [including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OC)].ResultsThe BET test showed that with the increase of sintering temperature, the internal porosity of the particles did not change significantly, but the diameter, volume, and area of the mesopores gradually decreased. The XRD detection showed that the XRD waves of HA and β-TCP could be seen in all 3 kinds of materials; SEM showed that there were widely distributed macropores on the surface of 3 kinds of BCPs, and the interpores connected with the others. In vitro, BMSCs adhered and proliferated on the surfaces of 3 kinds of BCPs, and the cell biocompatibility of the materials in groups B and C was better than that in group A. In vivo, obvious osteoid tissue deposition could be observed in the intergranular space of 3 kinds of BCPs from 2 months after implantation. The bone formation area ratio of each group increased with time. The bone formation area ratio in group A was significantly higher than that in groups B and C at 2 and 3 months after implantation, and in group A than in group B at 1 month (P<0.05). qRT-PCR showed that the expressions of osteogenic related genes peaked at 2 months in group A, and gradually increased with time in groups B and C. The relative expressions of ALP and OPN mRNAs in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C at 1 month after implantation, the relative expression of OC mRNA in group A was significantly higher than that in groups B and C at 2 months after operation, the relative expression of ALP mRNA in groups B and C and the relative expression of OPN mRNA in group B were significantly higher than those in group A, all showing significant differences (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in the relative expression of each gene among the other groups at each time point (P>0.05).ConclusionThe mesoporous diameter of BCP decreases with the increase of sintering temperature. Different mesoporous diameters lead to different ectopic osteogenesis of BCP materials. BCP material with mesoporous diameter of 12.57 nm has better osteogenic ability which can activate the osteogenic gene earlier. The mesoporous diameter is expected to be an adjustable index for optimizing the osteogenic capacity of BCP materials.
Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease in which sudden interruption of blood supply to the brain or rupture of cerebral blood vessels cause damage to brain cells and consequently impair the patient's motor and cognitive abilities. A novel rehabilitation training model integrating brain-computer interface (BCI) and virtual reality (VR) not only promotes the functional activation of brain networks, but also provides immersive and interesting contextual feedback for patients. In this paper, we designed a hand rehabilitation training system integrating multi-sensory stimulation feedback, BCI and VR, which guides patients' motor imaginations through the tasks of the virtual scene, acquires patients' motor intentions, and then carries out human-computer interactions under the virtual scene. At the same time, haptic feedback is incorporated to further increase the patients' proprioceptive sensations, so as to realize the hand function rehabilitation training based on the multi-sensory stimulation feedback of vision, hearing, and haptic senses. In this study, we compared and analyzed the differences in power spectral density of different frequency bands within the EEG signal data before and after the incorporation of haptic feedback, and found that the motor brain area was significantly activated after the incorporation of haptic feedback, and the power spectral density of the motor brain area was significantly increased in the high gamma frequency band. The results of this study indicate that the rehabilitation training of patients with the VR-BCI hand function enhancement rehabilitation system incorporating multi-sensory stimulation can accelerate the two-way facilitation of sensory and motor conduction pathways, thus accelerating the rehabilitation process.
ObjectiveTo investigate the neuroprotective effect of Benztropine on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) death and optic nerve injury in rats model of non-arteritis anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rNAION).MethodsA total of 25 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into Benztropine treatment group (n=13) and PBS control group (n=12). The right eye was set as the experimental eye. rNAION model was established by using rose Bengal combined with laser photodynamic method. The rats in the Benztropine treatment group were received intraperitoneal injection with Benztropine 10 mg/kg (0.2 ml) daily for 3 weeks, while the rats in the PBS control group were received intraperitoneal injection with an equal volume of PBS. At 1, 3 and 7 days after modeling, the retinal and optic disc conditions of the rats were observed by direct ophthalmoscopy. Retrograde labeling, fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the survival of RGCs and the damage of the optic nerve myelin and axon at 4 weeks after modeling. The RGCs density and survival rate of the two groups were compared by One-Way Anova.ResultsAt 1 and 3 days after modeling, the optic disc edema was observed in the rats of rNAION model group. At 7 days after modeling, the optic disc edema decreased and the boundary was blurred compared with 3 days after modeling.After 4 weeks, the RGCs density in the PBS group was 308±194/mm2 and the survival rate was 13.7%. The density of RGCs in the Benztropine group was 1173+868/mm2 and the survival rate was 47.6%. The differences of RGCs density and survival rate were significant between the two groups (F=7.552, 8.184; P=0.015, 0.012). Myelin disintegration, axon degeneration, onion-like body and gliosis were observed in the optic nerve sections of rNIAON in the PBS group, while the damage of axon and myelin structure in the Benztropine group was significantly less than that in the PBS group.ConclusionsBenztropine group showed higher RGC survival rate, less damage of axon and myelin structure on rNAION model. This study explored the potential neuroprotective effect of Benztropine.