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Orthotopic Liver Transplantation for Treatment of Primary Liver Cancer

疼痛和动脉血二氧化碳分压作为肋骨骨折患者手术指征的临床分析

目的 探讨疼痛和动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）作为胸外伤肋骨骨折手术指征的可行性，为肋骨内固定手术提供一条合理、可行的手术指征。 方法 选取2006年1月至2009年9月复旦大学附属华山医院南汇分院上海南汇中心医院24例肋骨骨折3 d后主动疼痛评分gt;6分、伴或不伴有PaCO2gt;50 mm Hg患者，采取随机抽签法将24例患者分为两组，手术固定组：12例，男8例，女4例；年龄 43.80±15.00岁；行爪形钢板内固定手术；保守治疗组：12例，男7例，女5例；年龄46.20±10.70岁；采取保守治疗。术后1周、2周观察疼痛评分、PaCO2和肺部感染发生率等。 结果 术后1周手术固定组疼痛评分小于保守治疗组（1.25±0.97分vs. 6.17±1.03 分，Plt;0.05），PaCO2（44.00±5.00 mm Hg vs. 49.00±5.00 mm Hg，Plt;0.05）和肺炎发生率(8.33% vs. 50.00%，Plt;0.05)低于保守治疗组。所有患者均得到随访，随访时间2周，术后2周手术固定组疼痛评分小于保守治疗组(0.83±0.83分vs. 4.75±1.14分，Plt;0.05)。 结论 疼痛评分结合PaCO2作为肋骨内固定手术的手术指征具有可行性。

Indications for Conversion to Thoracotomy in Completely Thoracoscopic Lobectomy

Objective To find out the best time and investigate the indications for conversion to horacotomy in completely thoracoscopic lobectomy. Methods Between Sep. 2006 and Feb. 2009, 172 patients including 88 male and 84 female with the median age of 58.9 years, underwent completely thoracoscopic lobectomy. Postoperative pathology showed that there were 133 cases of primary lung cancer, 7 cases of lung cancer metastasis and other malignant tumors, and 32 cases of benign diseases. Among them, 46 patients had the tumor on the right upper lobe (RUL), 23 on the right middle lobe (RML), 31 on the right lower lobe (RLL), 36 on the left upper lobe (LUL) and 36 on the left lower lobe (LLL). Three incisions were made in all operations. The procedures of systematic lymphadenectomy and anatomic lobectomy were similar with routine thoracotomy. If there was mediastinal lymph node adhesion, metastasis or bleeding, the incision would be extended to 12-15 cm and the surgery would be converted to thoracotomy. According to whether the maximum tumor dimension was above 5 cm or under 3 cm, the patients were divided into two groups. At the same time, we also divided the patients into two groups based on whether thoracotomy was performed. The data of both two groups were compared respectively. Results All surgeries were carried out safely with no serious complications or perioperative deaths. The average surgical duration was 185 minutes, and the average blood loss was 213 ml. Thirteen operations were converted to thoracotomy with a conversion rate of 7.6%. Among them, 9 were interfered by lymph nodes and bleeding happened in 4 operations. Lobectomy was performed on 12 patients and pneumonectomy was performed on 1 patient after thoracotomy. For the 16 cases of tumor with its dimension larger than 5 cm, the average operation time was 187 minutes and the average blood loss was 203.8 ml, while for the 98 cases of tumor with its dimension smaller than 3 cm, the average operation time was 202 minutes and the average blood loss was 231.3 ml. The difference between these two groups was not statistically significant. Among the 13 cases of conversion to thoracotomy, the mean age of the patients was 68.7 years old and the average tumor dimension was 23.8 mm. For the 159 cases without thoracotomy, the average age was 59.3 years old and the tumor dimension averaged 27.8 mm. There was a significant difference between them (P=0.016). Conclusion Interference by lymph nodes and bleeding are the most important causes of conversion to thoracotomy in completely thoracoscopic lobectomy while size of tumor, fused fissure or plural adhesions can be always managed thoracoscopically.

Surgical Repair of Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation: An Old Issue Revisited

Abstract： Surgical repair of functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR) is often carried out concomitantly with other leftsided heart valve procedures. Though diseases of both left heart valve and tricuspid were treated during the surgery, postoperative residual or recurrent tricuspid regurgitation has been clearly associated with progressive heart failure and worsened longterm survival. To date, surgical interventions mainly address FTR at three anatomic levels: commissure, annulus and leaflets. However, a certain mid and longterm failure rate after operation still exists. High surgical mortality rates have been reported in patients with recurrent tricuspid regurgitation requiring complex reoperations. With a better understanding of tricuspid anatomical complex and valvuloplasty, significant improvements have been made in FTR surgical indications and techniques. This review article will focus on the development of surgical indications in tricuspid valve repair, while the repair techniques and their impact on longterm clinical outcome will also be compared.

三尖瓣置换术的临床应用

目的 总结三尖瓣置换术(tricuspid valve replacement, TVR)治疗三尖瓣病变的经验，探讨手术指征、方法，以提高临床治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2007年4月期间24例接受TVR患者的临床资料，其中风湿性心脏病15例，Ebstein畸形5例，先天性三尖瓣发育不良2例，感染性心内膜炎1例，外伤1例；再次手术患者4例。 结果 院内死亡2例，死亡率8.3%（2/24）。术后发生并发症2例，其中一过性Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞1例，安置心内临时起搏器20d后恢复；病态窦房结综合征1例，经使用临时心外膜起搏器15d后，恢复自主心律。经门诊随访19例(86.4%)，心功能恢复至Ⅰ级12例，Ⅱ级7例。 结论 严格把握手术指征，加强围术期处理，行TVR安全、可靠、疗效满意。

Value of Mammotome for Excision and Biopsy in Breast Cysts

Objective　To discuss the surgical indication of mammotome （MMT） operation and its auxiliary diagnosis value on breast cysts. Methods　Seventy-eight patients with breast cysts from May 2010 to November 2011 in this hospital were enrolled. Excision and biopsy were performed according to the following guidelines：Single cyst with inhomogeneous interna echoes and diameter at least 1 cm；Multiple cysts associated with irregular megalgia， localized thickening of breast or ineffective drug treatment after three months；High risk of breast cancer；Hypoechoic nodules and laticifers exaggerated cysts；Ultrasonography showed disorderly echo and abundant blood supply in glandular tissues around the lesions. The result of preoperative ultrasound was compared with that of postoperative pathology diagnosis. Results　In these 78 breast cysts patients with preoperative ultrasound diagnosis， 40 cases were breast multiple cysts， 38 cases were multiple cysts plus untouchable hypoecho nodules；42 cases were high risk lesions， and the other 36 cases were low risk lesions. Postoperative pathology diagnosis revealed 27 cases of cystic hyperplasia， 2 cases of atypical hyperplasia， and 1 case of breast cancer in the ultrasonic high risk lesions， and 19 cases of cystic hyperplasia in the ultrasonic low risk lesions. Ultrasound diagnostic accuracy rate was 60.26%（47/78）， sensitivity was 61.22%（30/49）， and specificity was 58.62%（17/29）. The number of resection lesions was 13.00±8.16， the time of operation was （74.25±22.68） min. The average hospital stay was 1 d after surgery. The local hematoma occurred in 2 cases and no other complications occurred during one month of follow-up. Conclusions　The guidelines of MMT protocoled according to clinical manifestation of breast cyst patients and imaging of high-frequency ultrasound in author’s department are simple and utility. Minimal excision and biopsy via MMT can confirm the histological type and help for early diagnosis of breast cancer and precancerous lesion. It is important and necessary to standardize the surgical indications of MMT in the clinical work.

Indications of Non-Operative Management for Perforated Peptic Ulcer

ObjectiveTo discuss the indications of the nonoperative management for perforated peptic ulcer. MethodsClinical data of 145 patients with perforated peptic ulcer, aged below 70 years old, with first attack and onset timelt;12 h , admitted to our hospital between January 2002 and December 2009, were analyzed respectively. Patients who were negative for fluid of abdominopelvic cavity in ultrasound examination and leakage in watersoluble contrast examination received nonoperative management, otherwise underwent operation directly (If the patients were being on medication for the ulcer, they should also go directly to surgery). Non-operative patients were converted to operation if the symptom had not relieved during the first 12 h. When admitted , the APACHE Ⅱ score was calculated for all patients. ResultsSeventy-four and 71 patients underwent non-operative management and operation directly respectively. Sex, age, onset time, perforation site and so on were comparable between the two groups （Pgt;0.05）, while APACHE Ⅱ score over 8 was 25.7% and 76.1% respectively with significant difference (P=0000). In nonoperative group, 11 (149%) patients were converted to operation. The mortality (4.1% vs 9.8%, P=0.203), mobility (16.2% vs 25.3%, P=0.175), hospital stay 〔(11.4±2.5) d vs (11.3±1.3) d, P=0.447〕, and cost 〔(11 657.3±2 826.4) yuan vs (10 013.0±1 877.4) yuan, P=0.212〕 between two groups had also no significant difference. The mean APACHE Ⅱ score was significant different between the survivors and the dead (9.3 vs 20.2, P=0.000). APACHE Ⅱ score was positively related to mortality and morbility （r=0.98, P=0.000； r=0.52, P=0.000）. ConclusionsNon-operative management is a safe and effective way in selected patients with perforated peptic ulcer, such as APACHE Ⅱ score ≤8, negative for fluid of abdominopelvic cavity in ultrasound examination, and leakage in water-soluble contrast examination. APACHE Ⅱ score is an important factor in prognosis of these patients.

Multivariate Analysis about Surgical Indications for Adhesive Ileus

Objective To approach the convenient prediction methods about surgical indications of adhesive ileus. Methods Two thousand and thirtyfour patients with adhesive ileus were analyzed retrospectively between January 1996 and January 2010 in the Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University， and 1 992 patients were included into this model. Seventeen factors which could influence the surgical decisions, including period of intestinal obstruction (X1), frequency of attack (X2), history of operation on abdominal region (X3), continuous and severe abdominal pain (X4), severe or frequent vomiting (X5), severe abdominal distention (X6), hemafecia (X7), fever (X8), heart rate (X9), shock or hypotension (X10), touching a swell ansa intestinalis (X11), hypoactive bowel sound (X12), peritonitis (X13), white blood cell (WBC) count of peripheral blood (X14), obstruction ansa interstinalis fixation and a severe expansion by abdominal erect position plain film (X15), peritoneal cavity free air (X16), and seroperitoneum whether or not by B ultrasonic examination (X17) were analyzed by binary logistic regression. Then prediction schedule whether patients with adhesive ileus needed emergency operation was gained by the theory of logistic regression analysis. Results Eight items were included in the prediction model by the method of forward stepwise which were X1, X2, X4, X9, X13, X14, X15, and X17, respectively. The probability of operation could be calculated by the following formula: logit(P)=expZ/（1+expZ）, where, Z={-7.813+〔-1.942×X1(1)/2.290×X1(2)/2.765×X1(3)〕+2.801×X2+2.692×X4+10.610×X9(1)/13.279×X9(2)+3.422×X13+〔-3.048×X14(1)/16.992×X14(2)〕+6.113×X15+2×X17}， which X1（1）, X1（2）, and X1（3） were periods of intestinal obstruction 3－5 d, 5－7 d, and ≥7 d, respectively. X9(1) and X9(2) were heart rates of 60－100/min and ≥100/min, respectively. X14(1) and X14(2) were WBC counts of peripheral blood of (10-20)×109/L and ≥20×109/L， respectively. The patient had to accept surgical procedure when the value of P was more than 0.5. The coincidence was 99.00%, sensitivity was 96.17%, specificity was 99.53% in 1 992 patients. The coincidence was 96.20%, sensitivity was 90.00%, specificity was 96.84% in 105 patients between January 2010 and April 2010 in this hospital. Conclusion The prediction schedule is a good useful value, but the coefficients is corrected following the cases increasing.

Investigation on Operative Indications and Effects of Severe Acute Pancreatitis

【摘要】目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的手术时机和疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院1997年5月至2004年7月期间收治的152例SAP患者的治疗效果。结果 总治愈率为94.74%(144/152)，其中非手术综合治疗组为 97.73%(86/88)，手术组为90.63%(58/64); 并发症发生率非手术综合治疗组为7.95%(7/88)，手术组为25.00%(16/64); 总死亡率为5.26%(8/152), 其中非手术综合治疗组为2.27%(2/88)，手术组为9.38%(6/64)。结论 当SAP继发明显感染、胆道梗阻或出现暴发性胰腺炎时应及时手术治疗。

Analysis of Day Surgery Indication Expansion and Countermeasures for Nursing Risk Factors in the Department of Ophthalmology

ObjectiveTo analyze the increased risks of nursing due to expansion of ophthalmic day surgery indications, and the countermeasures. MethodsWe collected the information in the last three years from January 2012 to December 2014 in the Department of Ophthalmology, including the number of operations, the proportion of cataract patients, patients aged over 70 and under 12 years old, patients with high-risk fall, the number of general anesthesia operations, adverse events, and the data from the satisfaction survey of the patients. All the data were analyzed by statistical method. ResultsDuring the last three years, the relaxation of ophthalmic day surgery indications led to an increased admission rate of high-risk patients, and caused more nursing risk factors. Through the efforts of prevention and care, during the last three years, there were no adverse events, and patients had a satisfaction rate over 90%. ConclusionAlthough the ophthalmic day surgery indication has been relaxed, through the establishment of nursing risk response system by pre-hospital guidance, admission assessment, peri-operative education and follow-up visit, with the continuous improvement of nursing management system and convenient workflow, we can not only improve the work efficiency, but also ensure nursing safety.