Patients with pathological tracheal loss more than a certain length may need tracheal transplantation.Traditional natural tissue and autologous tissue have failed to produce satisfactory clinical outcomes to replace the trachea because of local infection，tracheal stenosis，tracheomalacia，immune rejection et al. In recent years，the emergence oftissue engineering trachea provides a new idea for tracheal transplantation. But scientists have not yet reached a consensus about how to choose ideal extracellular matrix to construct tissue engineering trachea. At present research and applicationof tissue engineering trachea，extracellular matrices mainly include allogenic trachea，allogenic aorta and biologicalcomposite materials. Each allogenic matrix or biological composite material has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore，this article mainly summarizes recent application and research progress of extracellular matrix in long segmental tracheal defect and its future perspective.
Objective To summarize the recent research situation and progress of decellularized matrix in tissue engineered trachea transplantation and to forecast the possible perspects. Methods Recent original articles about study and application for decellularized matrix in tissue engineered trachea were reviewed. The application and study of different decellularized matrices involved in animals or patients with tracheal lesions were elaborated. Results Decellularized matrices researched and applied in tissue engineered trachea include jejunum, urinary bladder, aorta, and trachea. Conclusion Decellularized urinary bladder matrix and jejunal matrix appears to be efficacious method for the patch repair of partial circumferential tracheal defects. The application of decellularized aortic matrix may need more study, and decellularized tracheal matrix has a bright future in long tracheal defects.
Objective To review the recent research progress of the bioreactor biophysical factors in cartilage tissue engineering. Methods The related literature concerning the biophysical factors of bioreactor in cartilage tissue engineering was reviewed, analyzed, and summarized. Results Oxygen concentration, hydrostatic pressure, compressive force, and shear load in the bioreactor system have no unified standard parameters. Hydrostatic pressure and shear load have been in controversy, which restricts the application of bioreactors. Conclusion The biophysical factors of broreactor in cartilage tissue engineering have to be studied deeply.