Objective To study ultrastructure and clinical significance of gastrin secretory granule in colorectal carcinoma cells. Methods The gastrin expression in colorectal carcinoma tissue and blood of 10 cases was examined by using radioimmunity analysis and immunohistochemistry. The ultrastructure of gastrin secretory granule of 10 cases, the positive of gastrin immunohistochemistry of colorectal carcinoma were examined by using immunoelectron microscopic technique. Results The gastrin concentration of the colorectal cancer group 〔（130.75 ±21.34） pg/ml〕 was significantly higher than that of control group 〔（95.63± 12.26） pg/ml〕，Plt;0.05. In 10 specimens of colorectal cancer, 5 cases were gastrin immunohistochemistry positive (+++), 4 moderate positive (++) and 1 weak positive (+). Cells in colorectal cancer were polyshaped, with unusual nucleoli different in size, concentrating on the edge, the cytoplasm mitochondrion was plentiful with vacuolates, and more secretion granules could be seen, 400-1500 nm in diameter with a clear border of membrane. There were two types of granular appearance: type A was largest in bulk size, low electrodensity was welldistributed, granular core appeared loose; type B was smaller in bulk size, high electrodensity was welldistributed, nucleus was usually compact.protein A gold (pAg) positive granules were located partially in secreting granules. pAg positive granules in highly differentiated cancer were mainly located in secreting granules of type A. pAg positive granules in low differentiated cancer were mainly located in secreting granules of type B. A part of cancer cell membrane, and inside and outside of microvillus membrane, adhering to pAg granules in line could be seen. Conclusion The colorectal carcinoma cells may synthesize and secrete gastrin themselves, which may be the mechanism of high gastrin levels in colorectal cancer. The use of gastrin antagonist and receptor antagonist may treat the patents with colorectal carcinoma.
The DNA content, cellular ultrastructure and the expression of blood group Y antigen and immunosuppressive acidic protein-2(IAP-2) were observed in normal breast, cystic hyperplasia of breast and breast cancer. The results showed: the results observed in the cells of cystic hyperplasia with epithelial proliferation grade Ⅰ were similar to those in normal breast cells. The DNA content increased, the hypoplasia and dedifferentiation features in some structures of cellular membrane and nucleus were observed, and the abnormal antigens expressed in part of the atypical hyperplasic cells. The DNA content and ultrastructure in a part of cells with aypical hyperplasia grade Ⅲ were similar to those in the cells of breast cancer grade Ⅰ. The results indicated that in the couse of atypical hyperplasia, the biological abnormalities and its extent of those cells were closely related to the differentiation extent, the developing tendency and the risk of canceration of the cystic hyperplasia of breast.
To evaluate the biological tolerance of the human liver to prolonged warm ischemia, 20 patients who underwent liver resections with hepatic inflow occlusion are reported. Biopsy of liver were performed during and after consecutive periods of hepatic ischemia, and speciments were observed under light and electron microscope. The results showed that hepatic vascular occlusion for ＜30 min, resulted in atotissular temporary but reversible pathologic and ultrastructural changes in liver, even patients with liver cirrhosis had better recovery from the operation when the hepatic ischemia was lengthen up to 40 min.
The morphologic changes of the liver,heart and kidney in relation to the serum choleic acids in obstructive jaundce of rats were investigated.One of the results showed that one to two weeks after the common bile duct was ligated and servered,the damages to the damages to the mitochondria were found in the organs,while the serum choleic acids markedly increased.The other result was that when the rats were fed with sodium cholate in the dosage that their peak blood concentrations were close to the average results concentration in obstrcutive jaundice,their mitochondrial damage were in the similar degree.These results suggest that choleic acids stasisi is one of the factors of multiple organ damage in obstructive jaundice.
A simple model of canine auto-trasplantation of liver was set up by ourselves, and the effects of hepatic artery ischemia (HAI) on ultrastructure of liver and biliary duct transplanted were observed. The results showed that the liver and biliary cells swelled slightly, mitochondrial matrix was loose and ridges were vague just often perfusion. Afte HAI for 3 hours the edema of hepatic and biliary cells aggravated cytoplasm was loose, mitochondria enlarged and partly vacuolar degenerated, ridges broke or disappeared, flocculent focal densites was seen in the matrix, endoplasmic retculum distended obviously, and the ribosome depolymerizated. So we consider that HAI causes obvious damage to hepatic and biliary cells. These indicate that HAI is one of the important factors of complication after liver transplantation, especially some biliary complications.
In order to study the influence of biliary tract obstruction on enteromicroflora,we ligate the canine biliary tract to observe the acrobic and anerobic bacteria in the duodenum and ileum at intervals of post-ligation(the 10th,20th,30th days),and to study the pathogenesis and ultramicroscopic of the ileal mucosa at the same intervals.The results showed that:the population and species of enteroflora in small intestine gradually increased after biliary obstruction.Bacteria(especialy E.coli) ascended to the upper part of small intestine,from their normal habitant of lower part of small intestine.Therefore the radio of general aerobia and E.coli risen obviously in duodenum.The longer the obstruction,the more pathologic changes were observed in ileal mucosa.such as edema,leukocytes infiltration and destruction of epithelial villi.All of those changed may be the causative factor of biliary tract infection.So that,in the programs of preventing enterogenic infection at the state of biliary tract obstruction,the protection and adjusting of normal enteroflora should be adventently considered.
Objective To explore the ultrastructure characteristics of pulmonary arteries in smokers with normal lung function and with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) . Methods 33 patients who undertook surgery for peripheral lung cancer were collected. According to smoking history and pulmonary function, the patients were divided into three groups, ie. non-smokers with normal pulmonary function ( group A, n = 10) , smokers with normal pulmonary function ( group B, n = 13) , and smokers in stable phase of COPD ( group C, n = 10) . Normal lung tissues without cancer were sampled and observed under light and electric microscope. Results ①Compared with group A, the thickness of intimal layer of intra-acinar pulmonary muscular arteries of group B and C were significantly higher, the area of their lumenwas lower, and the proportion of their muscular arteries was higher( P lt; 0. 01) . ②Ultrastructure of small pulmonary arteries of group A showed that intimal layer was normal, so as to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Collagen fiber was not increased. Ultrastructure observation of group B showed that endothelialcells were distorted, basal membrane was thick, and collagen fiber increased in vessels. Ultrastructure observation of group C showed that endothelial cells degenerated, vascular intima thickness increased, andsynthetic phenotype smooth muscle cells increased. ③ Smoking index was positively correlated with the proportion of muscular arteries and the proportion of intimal area( r =0. 464,0. 635, P lt;0. 05, respectively) ,and negatively correlated with the proportion of lumen area( r= - 0. 603, P lt;0. 05) . Conclusions Smokers with normal lung fuction and with COPD show the similar ultrastructural characterizations in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and pulmonary arterial remodeling, which related closely to smoking.
Objective To isolate，culture and expand bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） in vitro，induce MSCs to differentiate directionally towards chondrocytes，and provide experimental basis for clinical application of MSCs and construction of tissue engineering tracheal cartilage. Methods Cultured MSCs were isolated from bone marrow of Sprague-Dawley rats，purified using adherence separation，and identified by flow cytometry analysis. Transforming growth factor β1 （TGF-β1）and insulin-like growth factor 1 （IGF-1） were used as main induction factors to induce MSCs to differentiate directionally towards chondrocytes. The expression of collagen typeⅡwas evaluated by immunocytochemical staining 21 days after induction. Light microscope and electron microscope were used to observe tiny and ultrastructural changes of the cells before and after induction. Results The expression of collagen typeⅡwas positive by immunocytochemical staining 21 days after induction. MSCs were fusiform before induction under light microscope and electron microscope. After induction，the cells became larger，polygon，star-shaped or triangular. Transmission electron microscope showed that the cells had abundant organelles，larger nuclei and more nucleoli after induction. Conclusion Abundant organelles，larger nuclei and more nucleoli are the ultrastructure changes of chondrocytes differentiated from MSCs，indicating that the cells are active in differentiation and metabolism.
Objective To explore the mechanism of pulmonary hypoplasia in case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), and study the ultramicrostructural features of lung tissue of CDH fetal rat models at different developmental stages. Methods Seven SpragueDawley (SD) pregnant rats were randomly divided into CDH group (n=4) and control group (n=3). For the rats in the CDH group, Nitrofen was used to fill in the stomach once at day 9.5 of pregnancy (125 mg of Nitrofen dissolved in 2 ml of olive oil each), and 3, 10, 17 fetal rats were collected at day 16, 18 and 21 of pregnancy respectively. For the rats in the control group, 2 ml of olive oil was used to fill in the stomach, and 10 fetal rats were collected at day 16, 18, and 21 of pregnancy respectively. The lung tissue sections of the fetal rats collected on day 16 were observed under transmission electron microscope (TEM). For the lung tissue of the fetal rats collected on day 18, hematoxylineosin (HE) staining and TEM observation were performed and the incident of CDH was detected. Besides the procedures carried out for the rats collected on day 18, the ratio of fetal lung to body weight was observed for the lung tissue of the fetal rats collected on day 21. Results (1) The ratio of fetal lung to body weight of fetal rats in the CDH group was significantly lower than that of fetal rats in the control group (0.0238 vs. 0.0430, Plt;0.01). The incidences of CDH in the 18thday and 21stday fetal rats in the CDH group were 90.00% and 82.35%respectively, while no CDH was observed in the corresponding fetal rats in the control group, suggesting pulmonary hypoplasia in the CDH group. (2) The ultramicrostructural observation showed that compared with the control group, pulmonary hypoplasia appeared in 16thday fetal lungs in the CDH group, i.e., broad breathing barrier substrate, little contents, predominant euchromatin and rich ribosomes in the alveolar epithelial cells, and no microvilli in the bronchial lumen. The observation on the 18thday and 21stday samples suggested that, with the progressing of pregnancy, the abovementioned features became more obvious. (3) Typical lamellated body was observed in fetal lung type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells from the 21stday fetuses in both the CDH group and the control group, suggesting that some late subcellular structures were normal. Conclusion Lung hypoplasia develops in the early period of fetal rats with CDH rather than in the late period, implying that the treatment of pulmonary hypoplasia of diaphragmatic hernia should be performed in the early stage of lung development.
Objective To investigate whether the agonist of delta opoid receptor D-Ala(2),D-Leu(5) enkephalin (DADLE) has the effect of decreasing myocardial injury during ischemia-reperfusion of adult rabbits’ myocardium，so that a new mehanism and way to myocardial protection could be found. Methods Langendorff model was used during the experiment. Thirty rabbits were divided into three groups randomly (each group 10 rabbits). Control group: St.Thomas Ⅱ cardioplegic solution was used; group 1: St.Thomas Ⅱ cardioplegic solution and DADLE (1mg/kg) were used; group 2: St.Thomas Ⅱ cardioplegic solution and naloxone(3mg/kg) were used to induce the hearts to arrest respectively. After arrest the hearts were reperfused respectively. Data of left ventricle development pressure(LVDP) was recorded before and after ischemia. Biochemical indicators of myocardium, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) were detected before and after ischemia. Some myocardial tissues were used to explore the changes of the tissue of ultrastructure with electron microscope，when the experiment was over. Still some myocardial tissues were to be detected by flow cytometer to evaluate the apoptosis of the myocardium. Results The LDH and LVDP showed significant difference among three groups after ischemia(Plt;0.05); LVDP in group 1 was higher than those in group 2 and control group(69.8±5.8 mmHg vs. 23.4±3.9 mmHg; 69.8±5.8 mmHg vs. 37.9±4.7 mmHg; Plt;0.05), the LDH in group 1 was lower than those in group 2 and control group(1 272.6±59.1 U/L vs. 2 764.4±27.7 U/L, 1 272.6±59.1 U/L vs. 1 884.4±37.5 U/L; Plt;0.05). The apoptosis rate in group 1 was lower than those in group 2 and control group. As could be shown from the ultrastructure: mitochondria structure was nearly normal in group 1; mitochondria structure was injuried severely in group 2; there was a minor injury in control group. Conclusion Agonist of δ opoid receptor DADLE in cardioplegic solution could induce hibernation, which has myocardial protection effect during ischemia-reperfusion injury.