Objective To review the treatment methods and techniques of ischemia-reperfusion injury of flap. Methods Recent basic research l iterature concerning ischemia-reperfusion injury of flap was reviewed and analyzed in terms of treatment techniques. Results Ischemia-reperfusion injury is one of the leading causes of flap necrosis postoperatively. Interventions against any l ink of the ischemia-reperfusion injury progress could effectively reduce the damageand improve the survival rate of flaps. Conclusion Including production of reactive oxygen species, neutrophil infiltrationetc are thought to be the main mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Treatment including medicine administration and physical intervention against any specific l ink of ischemia-reperfusion injury can interfere or block the whole progress, which reduce the damage of ischemia-reperfusion injury and improve the survival rate of animal flap models eventually.
To investigate the operative technique of treating Freiberg’s disease with dorsal wedge osteotomy and absorbable pin fixation, and to evaluate the cl inical outcome. Methods From June 2005 to June 2007, 8 patients with Freiberg’s disease were treated, including 2 males and 6 females aged 16-66 years old (average 36 years old). X-ray films revealed osteosclerosis, collapse of the metatarsal head and ischemic necrosis of the second metatarsal head. According toSmill ie classification system, there were 4 cases of stage II, 3 of stage III and 1 of stage IV. The duration of symptoms was 6-36 months (average 19 months). After dorsal wedge osteotomy, the metatarsal heads were rotated to reconstrust the joint surface, then 3-4 pieces of absorbable pin 1.5 mm in length were implanted for fixation. Results All wounds healed by first intention, and no early postoperative compl ications occurred. Five patients were followed for 11-35 months (average 14 months) and had significant pain rel ief. At 3 months after operation, the dorsal-flexion of metatarsophalangeal joint was improved by 0-50° (average 21°), and the plantar-flexion was increased by 0-10° (average 5°). X-ray films showed that solid union of the osteotomy was achieved in all patients at 8-13 weeks after operation (average 10 weeks). Average shortening of metatarsal was 1.7 mm (range 1.3-2.0 mm). All patients returned to sports and recreational activities at 4 months after operation, except one case of stage IV who had constant swelling and stiffness in the joint and was improved at 12 months after operation. Conclusion Dorsal wedge osteotomy in complex with absorbable pin fixation is an effective procedure for stage II and III Freiberg’s disease, because it is capable of reconstructing the metatarsophalangeal joint effectively, allowing early joint motion and avoiding a second operation.
Objective To review the diagnosis, treatment method, and surgical technique of tarsometatarsal joint injury. Methods Recent l iterature concerning tarsometatarsal joint injury was reviewed and analyzed in terms of anatomy,injury mechanism, classification, diagnosis, management principle and methods, and surgical techniques. Results It could be difficult to diagnose tarsometatarsal joint injury, and subtle injury was more difficult to diagnose with a high rate of missed diagnosis. Fairly accurate diagnosis of tarsometatarsal joint injury could be made based on medical history, symptoms and signs, and necessary imaging examinations. For the patient of partial l igament rupture caused by subtle or non-displacement injury, a cast for immobil ization could be adopted; the patients of instable injury should be treated with open reduction and internal fixation. For the patients of complete dislocation and severe comminuted fractures, arthrodesis should be suggested. Conclusion The diagnosis and management of tarsometatarsal joint injury is compl icated. The treatment method of tarsometatarsal joint injury has evoked controversy. Surgeons should choose the optimal treatment method and surgical technique according to the injury type, radiological manifestation, and classification so as to obtain the best cl inical outcome.
Objective To summarize the surgical technique of ankle arthrodesis using lateral malleolus osteotomy and locking proximal humeral plate internal fixation, and to evaluate the cl inical effectiveness. Methods Between March 2009 and June 2010, 18 patients with ankle joint disease were treated, including 8 cases of post-traumatic arthritis, 3 casesof rheumatoid arthritis, 5 cases of osteoarthritis, and 2 cases of post-traumatic necrosis of talus. There were 10 males and 8 females with an average age of 48 years (range, 36-67 years). The average disease duration was 3 years (range, 1-6 years). The main symptoms included swell ing, pain, and a l imited range of motion of the ankle. Four patients accompanied with ankle varus deformity and 2 patients with valgus deformity. According to American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle and hindfoot score system, the preoperative score was 43.5 ± 10.2. An ankle arthrodesis using lateral malleolus osteotomy and locking proximal humeral plate internal fixation was performed in all patients. Results Superficial wound infection and partial skin necrosis occurred in 1 case respectively, and were cured after symptomatic treatment; the other incisions healed by first intention without compl ications. Sixteen patients were followed up 16 months on average (range, 1-2 years). The X-ray films showed that bone fusion was obtained at 8-16 weeks (mean, 12 weeks) after operation. The symptom was rel ieved completely in all patients at last follow-up without compl ication of implant failure, nonunion, and malunion. The postoperative AOFAS ankle and hindfoot score was 83.0 ± 6.3, showing significant difference when compared with the preoperative score (t=26.20, P=0.00). Conclusion Ankle arthrodesis using lateral malleolus osteotomy and locking proximal humeral plate internal fixation has the advantages of feasible technique, the rigid fixation, and high fusion rate, soit may obtain a good cl inical effectiveness.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the technique and effectiveness of dual plating fixation for distal fibular comminuted fractures. MethodsBetween November 2010 and November 2011, 16 patients with distal fibular comminuted fractures were treated, including 10 males and 6 females with an average age of 49.8 years (range, 35-65 years). All the patients had closed injury, which was caused by sprain in 9 cases, by traffic accident in 5 cases, and by falling in 2 cases. The average interval from injury to admission was 8 hours (range, 1-48 hours). Routine X-ray and CT scan were taken for confirmation of classification and involvement. According to Weber classification system, 11 cases were rated as type A, and 5 as type B; 5 cases had bimalleolar fractures with medial malleolar fracture, and 2 cases had trimalleolar fractures with posterior and medial malleolar fracture. Open reduction and dual plating fixation were performed after swelling was subsided. The X-ray films were taken during follow-up. The effectiveness was evaluated with visual analogue scale (VAS) and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot and ankle score system at last follow-up. The range of motion (ROM) of the ankle and complications were also been recorded. ResultsDelayed healing of incision occurred in 1 patient with diabetes, who was cured after changing dressing; primary healing was obtained in the other patients. Twelve patients were followed up 18 months on average (range, 12-24 months). Radiographic examination demonstrated the mean time of bone healing was 12 weeks (range, 10-14 weeks). No complication of implant failure, malunion, nonunion, or post-traumatic arthritis occurred during follow-up. The AOFAS hindfoot and ankle score was 79.6±6.5, and the VAS score was 1.3±1.5. The ROM of the ankle was (70.0±8.0)° of flexion and (84.0±5.1)° of extension. ConclusionDual plating fixation for distal fibular comminuted fractures can obtain a rigid stabilization with a low complication incidence, so it is a safe and effective method.
Objective To summarize the preliminary effectiveness of I.T.S. locking plate for intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Methods Between July 2010 and July 2011, 18 cases of intra-articular calcaneal fractures were treated. There were 10 males and 8 females with an average age of 46 years (range, 25-64 years). According to Sanders classification system, there were 3 cases of type II, 9 cases of type III, and 6 cases of type IV. The disease duration was 5-11 days (mean, 6 days). Open reduction and internal fixation with I.T.S. locking plate were performed via an L-shaped lateral extending incision. Results Superficial infection occurred in 1 case, and was cured after dressing changing; healing of incision by first intention was obtained in the other cases. Sixteen cases were followed up 14 months on average (range, 12-18 months). X-ray films demonstrated the bone union in all cases with an average union time of 12 weeks (range, 10-14 weeks). No implant failure or irritation of peroneal tendon occurred during follow-up. X-ray films showed subtalar post-traumatic arthritis with mild pain in 1 case at 11 months after operation, which was relieved by conservative treatment. At last follow-up, the Bouml;hler angle was improved from (12.9 ± 3.2)° preoperatively to (33.8 ± 4.0)° postoperatively, showing significant difference (t=22.78, P=0.00); the Gissane angle was improved from (83.6 ± 6.4)° preoperatively to (119.9 ± 8.5)° postoperatively, showing significant difference (t=17.02, P=0.00). The visual analogue scale (VAS) score was 1.3 ± 1.2, and the ankle and hindfoot scale of American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) was 80.3 ± 7.9 at last follow-up. Conclusion Treatment of intra-articular calcaneal fracture with I.T.S. locking plate can obtain a stable fixation, which is a safe and effective method.