【摘要】 目的 探讨艾滋病患者合并机会性感染的临床特征并评价其治疗效果。 方法 回顾分析2003年-2009年53例确诊为艾滋病患者的临床资料，对患者合并机会性感染的临床特征，包括发生机会性感染的时间、发生机会性感染时CD4+T细胞计数、起病急缓、严重程度等，进行观察和分析，并给予国家推荐的标准治疗方案进行治疗，通过临床症状、病毒载量、CD4+T细胞计数、影像学监测进行疗效分析，随访时间为初治至出院后6年。 结果 53例艾滋病患者均为重症感染，41例为混合感染，其中2个以上部位感染者为36例（67.9%），2种以上病原体感染者为28例（52.8%），3种以上病原体感染者13例（24.5%）。最常见的机会性感染为结核35.8%（19/53）；其次为卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎30.2%（16/53）；败血症20.8%（11/53），此外，尚有隐球菌感染15.1%（8/53）、弓形虫感染3.8%（2/53）、带状疱疹病毒感染7.5%（4/53）、念珠菌感染17.0%（9/53）、巨细胞病毒感染7.5%（4/53）、合并乙肝11.3%（6/53）、丙肝3.8%（2/53）。机会性感染治疗有效率为77.4%（41/53），病死率为22.6%（12/53），其中隐球菌脑膜炎或混合感染者病死率最高。 结论 艾滋病患者在CD4+T细胞计数lt;350/mm3时各种机会感染明显升高，且随着CD4+T细胞计数的下降呈增高趋势，艾滋病合并机会性感染最常见的是结核，其次卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎；合并结核的治疗效果较好，合并隐球菌脑病的病死率最高。早期启动高效抗逆转录病毒治疗效果好。【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) combined with opportunistic infections and its treatment. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 53 patients diagnosed to have AIDS in our hospital between 2003 and 2009. The clinical features (such as time of the onset of opportunistic infections, CD4+ T cells value at the onset, severity of the infection, etc.) of the opportunistic infections (such as tuberculosis, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, etc.) were also observed and analyzed. The patients were treated according to the national standards. The clinical outcome was analyzed based on such indicators as clinical symptoms, viral load, CD4+ T cells value at the onset, and the results of various imaging. Follow-up was done for six years. Results All 53 patients had severe AIDS infection. Forty-one of them had combined infections, among whom 36 (67.9%) had infections in two or more parts of the body, 28 (52.8%) were infected by two or more pathogens, and 13 (24.5%) were infected by three or more pathogens. The most common opportunistic infection was tuberculosis (35.8%,19/53) followed by pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (30.2%,16/53) and septicemia (20.8%,11/53). Other infections included cryptococcal infection (15.1%, 8/53), toxoplasma gondii infection (3.8%, 2/53), herpes zoster virus infection (7.5%, 4/53), candidiasis (17.0%, 9/53), cytomegalovirus infection (7.5%, 4/53), combined hepatitis B (11.3%, 6/53), and hepatitis C (3.8%, 2/53). Effective treatment rate for opportunistic infections was 77.4% (41/53) with a mortality of 22.6% (12/53). The highest fatality rate occurred to those patients with cryptococcal meningitis or mixed infections. Conclusions The occurrence of opportunistic infections rises obviously when CD4+ T cells is lower than 350/mm3, and it increases more significantly as the value of CD4+ T cells goes down. The most common opportunistic infection is tuberculosis followed by pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The clinical outcome for the combined cases of tuberculosis is good, while combined cryptococcal encephalopathy has the highest mortality rate. High active anti-retroviral therapy should be initiated as early as possible.