Objective To elucidate the new concept and theory of neurorestoratology. Methods With the review of the development course and important research works in the field of neurorestoratology during the 20th century, especially recent 30 years, the regularity summary, science and technology philosophy induction, and theory distillation were carried out in this article. Results The new discipl ine system was brought forward as follows: ① Definition: neurorestoratology was asub-discipl ine of neuroscience which studies neural regeneration, neural structural repair of replacement, eruroplasticity and neuromodulation. The core purpose was to promote neural functional recovery of all neural degenerative diseases and damages. ② One central task and two basic points: to recover neurological function was the central research task all the time and the two basic points were the precl inical (basic) neurorestoration and the cl inical neurorestoration. ③ Four rationale of the discipl ine: l imited renovation, relearning, insufficient reserve, and l ifelong reinforcement. ④ Five major factors of neurorestoratology (5N’s dogma): neuroregeneration, neurorepair, neuroplasticity, neuromodulation, neurorehabil itation. “Neuroprotection” appeared to be included in the broad definition. ⑤ Four-step rule of neurorestoratology: structural neurorestoration, signal neurorestoration, rehabil itative neurorestoration, and functional neurorestoration. ⑥ Emphasize that translational medicine from lab to bed in neurorestoration. Conclusion The discipl ine of neurorestoratology has the vast development prospectand will be sure to increase the rapid progress of the basic and cl inical restorative neuroscience.
Objective To analyze the therapeutic effect of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) transplantation for central nervous system diseases. Methods Between November 2001 and January 2008, 1 255 participants with central nervous system diseases were enrolled in this cl inical study for fetal OECs transplantation. There were 928 males and 327 femalesaged 1.2-87 (mean 40) years. The course of disease was (4.52 ± 4.67) years. Among them, 656 participants suffered from chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), 457 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 68 cerebral palsy (CP), 20 multiple sclerosis (MS), 11 the sequelae of stoke, 10 ataxia, and 33 residual diseases. The participants came from 71 countries or regions. Accidentally abortional fetal olfactory bulbs were donated voluntarily and were cultured for 2 weeks, then were transplanted. Results One thousand one hundred and twenty-eight cases were followed up for 2-8 weeks (mean 4 weeks) to obtain integrated data. Among them, the neurological functional amel ioration was noticed in 994 participants with the overall short-term improvement rate of 88.12%. Seventy-six patients experienced the various perioperative compl ications with the incidence rate of 6.74%. One hundred and twenty patients with SCI received over 1 year follow-up. And according to ASIA assessment, motor scores increased from (39.82 ± 20.25) to (44.55 ± 18.99) points, l ight touch scores from (51.56 ± 25.89) to (59.81 ± 27.72) points, pain scores from (50.36 ± 27.44) to (57.09 ± 28.51) points for foreign patients (P lt; 0.05); motor scores increased from (40.52 ± 20.80) to (46.45 ± 20.35) points, l ight touch scores from (55.64 ± 26.32) to (68.64 ± 25.89) points, pain scores from (57.05 ± 26.00) to (66.13 ± 24.29) points for good rehabil itation Chinese patients (overall P lt; 0.05); motor scores from (37.03 ± 18.52) to (38.03 ± 18.50 points (P lt;0.05), l ight touch scores from (45.88 ± 22.56) to (46.63 ± 23.09) points (P gt; 0.05), pain scores from (45.25 ± 23.68) to (45.28 ± 23.63) points (P gt; 0.05) for poor rehabil itation Chinese patients. Compared foreign patients and good rehabil itation Chinese patients with poor rehabil itation Chinese patients, difference in score change was remarkable (P lt; 0.05). One hundred and six cases of ALS, 32 CP, 8 MS, 7 ataxia, and 2 stroke sequelae were followed up for 3-48, 3-36, 2-20, 7-17, 6 and 24 months, One hundred and six cases of respectively. Majority of them (113/155, 72.9%）were benefited from OECs transplantation. Conclusion OECs transplantation into brain and spinal cord is feasible and safe . The therapeutic strategy is valuable treatment for such central nervous system diseases such as chronic SCI, ALS, CP and stroke sequelae and can improve the patients’ neurological functions and/or decrease the progressive deterioration.
Objective To evaluate proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) for detection of the motor cortex and adjacent brain in amyotrophic lateralsclerosis (ALS) patients with apparent upper motor neuron involvement after olfactory ensheathing cells(OECs) transplantation. Methods From December 2004 to February 2005, 7 patients with clinically definite ALS who could safely undergo MRS were admitted into the perspective study. The neurological status, ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS), EMG, and 1H-MRS taken before and 2 weeks after operationswere carefully analyzed. The NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios were measured in the cerebral peduncle,genu and posterior limb of the internal capsule, corona radiata and precentral gyrus. Results The ALSFRS in 2 cases mproved obviously whose ALSFRS increased from 30 to 33 and from 29 to 34 respectively. And 5 cases remained stable 2 weeks after OECs transplantation. Statistical analyses for all seven cases showed both theNAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios decreased, but in the two cases with ALSFRS improvement the NAA/Cr increased in the certain anatomic position which confirmed the neurological and EMG findings. Conclusion The proton MR spectroscopy is a suitablenoninvasive measure for ALS evaluation. The preliminary study suggests that twoof the seven ALS cases improved apparently shortterm after OECs transplantation. More patients are required for the clinical study and longer followup duration is needed for future research.
Objective To introduce a new functional self-assessment scale of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods By comparing current different ALS functional scales and combining relative cl inical experience and numeric pain intensity scale, ALS self-assessment scale was set down by International Association of Neural Restoration. Results ALS self-assessment scale included 3 categories with 18 items, adopting 10 points grading system, namely 10 was defined as the normal, 0 as the worst, and the total scores was 180. This scale included: ① Bulbus medullae function: speech, swallowing, sal ivation, and tongue extension. ② Limbs function: left arm movement, left hand movement, right arm movement, right hand movement, left leg movement, right leg movement, trunk movement, head-up, walking, and cl imbing stairs. ③ Others: breathing, muscular tone, pain, and muscle discomfort. Conclusion ALS self-assessment scale is specifically designed for ASL patients. It can evaluate patient’s function comprehensively and is simple and convenient, consuming less time.
Objective To determine whether transplanting olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) is effective in controlling or reversing the deterioration caused by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods Between February 2003 and April 2006, 327 patients (241 males and 86 females) with probable or definite ALS (diagnosed according to the El Escorial criteria) received the OECs transplantation. Their ages ranged from 20 to 84 years (51.6±11.1 years). The duration of symptoms before surgical treatment was 4-8 months to 13 years (2.9±2.0 years). OECs were cultured and injected into pathological regions of the spinal cord and/or bilateral corona radiata of the brain; the patients were divided into three groups, group A (cord only,n=29), group B (cord and brain,n=6), and group C (brain only,n=292) based on the transplant sites. Results The patient’s neurological function was assessed both before and at 4 weeks after transplantation by using the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS) of the ALS CNTF Treatment Study (ACTS). The scores were increased from 17.2±8.6 preoperation to 20.1±9.7 postoperation in group A (P＜0.05),from 24.2±6.8to 25.7±6.6 (P＞0.05) in group B, and from 20.3±8.6 to 22.0±9.4 (P＜0.001) in group C.There were no significant difference in increased ALSFRS scores among the threegroups (P＞0.05). The total improvement rate of neurological function was 77.1% (252/327). The result of electromyographic examination showed that spontaneouspotential diminished and/or disappeared, the amplitude of the motor unit actionpotential decreased remarkably and the numbers of motor unit action potential greatly increased in 261 cases (79.8%). Sixteen patients (4.9%) experienced thevarious complications including headache, shortterm fever, seizure attack, central nerve system infection, pneumonia, respiratory failure, urinary tract infection, heart failure, and possible pulmonary embolism; of them, there were 4 deaths(1.2%). Conclusion These preliminary results suggest that the OECs transplantation is effective in controlling or reversing the physiological deterioration caused by ALS.