Objective To summarize the assessment methods of anal function after low/ultralow rectal anastomosis in patients with rectal cancer. Methods Domestic and international publications on the study of evaluation of anal function after low/ultralow rectal anastomosis in patients with rectal cancer were collected and reviewed. Results Anal function of patients with rectal cancer was usually evaluated by feeling of discharge, continence, perceptual function of rectum, defecate frequency, and defecation time, anal manometry and three-dimensional vector manometry were used as well. Recovery of anal function in patients with rectal cancer after low/ultralow rectal anastomosis depended on the integrity of anal canal, length of remaining rectum, level of anastomosis, and integrity of mucosa. Conclusions Subjective assessment methods and auxiliary measuring instruments are the common means to evaluate the rectal-anal function. Subjective assessment method is simple and direct, but its accuracy is low; Auxiliary measuring instruments have high accuracy, while their examination costs are high and that of costs are not popular, the new assessment methods are needed for further research.
ObjectivesTo construct a follow-up evaluation indicator system on the implementation of the WHO resolution of " Access to essential medicines” by systematic review, and to provide a methodological support for tracking the implementation of the resolution, with a view to providing evidence of decision-making to promote the accessibility of essential medicines and further promote and improve the national essential medicine policy. It also provides a methodological reference for investigating the implementation of other public health sector resolutions.MethodsPubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CBM, WanFang Data and CNKI databases and relevant international or national official websites of pharmaceutical administration department or academic organization were searched to collect studies on accessibility of WHO essential drugs from inception to February, 2016. Two researchers independently screened literature, extracted data, and qualitative analysis was used to sort out and screen the evaluation indicators for the implementation of the WHO resolution of "Access to essential medicines".ResultsA total of 60 relevant literatures, three guides and 19 progress reports of the World Health Assembly from official websites were included. Through the screening of indicators, we could get two parts: the indicators of measures to implement the resolution and the indicators of the results of the implementation of the resolution.ConclusionsThis study analyzes the implementation of the resolution of the health system in the progress report of the World Health Assembly 2013–2015, divides the implementation of the resolution into two parts: the implementation of the resolution and the results of the implementation of the resolution. An indicator system for establishing measures and evaluation the resolution has been found. Expert consultations will be further developed to establish the final indicators for the implementation of the "Access to essential medicines".
ObjectivesTo provide methodology support for the tracking assessment of specific resolution execution through evidence-based construction of tracking assessment index system for resolution execution of WHO essential medicine accessibility resolution, so as to further promote and improve the establishment of national essential medicine policies, and offer a methodology reference to survey and assess the resolution executions in other public health fields.MethodsA multi-disciplinary team was set up to preliminarily construct the index system by means of earlier system assessment index through index screening based on Delphi method. The weight of each index was determined by analytic hierarchy process.ResultsAfter two rounds of expert consultation, the index system available for resolution execution measures and results of WHO essential medicine accessibility were established, including 9 indexes of resolution execution measures. Meanwhile, the execution results of index contained 4 first class indexes, 13 second class indexes and 36 third class indexes. Each of the indexes obtained its own weight according to degree of importance.ConclusionsIn this study, the assessment index for resolution execution of essential medicine accessibility is established, however, the empirical research is still required to further verify the scientificity as well as feasibility of this index system.
Spasm is a common complication of stroke with high morbidity and a high disability rate. Spasticity continues to impair the patient’s motor function, and symptoms such as muscle shortening and joint deformity may occur, which seriously affects the patient’s physical and mental health. Systemic therapy is a key part to control spasticity clinically. However, systematic treatment is conducted on the basis of proper assessment. The tools for assessing spasticity are divided into two categories: subjective and objective, and the subjective assessment tools mainly include some scales, which are subjectively assessed and judged by the therapist. Objective methods mainly include electrophysiology testers, ultrasonic measurement techniques, robots, three-dimensional motion analysis systems, isokinetic muscle strength testers, etc. This paper analyzes and summarizes the methods of post-hemiplegic spasticity assessment through a literature review, reviews the advantages, disadvantages and practicability of various assessment methods, and puts forward prospects for future research directions.