Objective To explore the expressions of galectin-3 （Gal-3） and cytokeratin-19 （CK-19） in different tissues of Hashimoto thyroiditis （HT） complicated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma （PTMC）. Methods The tumor tissue， 0.5 cm near tumor tissue， and opposite lateral lobe thyroid tissue in 25 HT with benign nodus patients， 25 PTMC patients， and 25 HT with PTMC patients were collected. The expressions of Gal-3 and CK-19 in these tissues were detected by immunohistochemical methods. Results ①The positive rates of Gal-3 and CK-19 expressions in the tumor tissueof HT with PTMC patients and PTMC patients were significantly higher than those of HT with benign nodus patients （P＜0.05）.②The positive rates of Gal-3 and CK-19 expressions in the opposite lateral lobe thyroid tissue of HT with PTMC patients and HT with benign nodus patients were significantly higher than those of PTMC patients （P＜0.05）．③The positive rates of Gal-3 and CK-19 expressions in the 0.5 cm near tumor tissue of HT with PTMC patients and HT with benign nodus patients were significantly higher than those of PTMC patients （P＜0.05）. ④The middle and b positive rates of Gal-3 and CK-19 expressions in the 0.5 cm near tumor tissue of HT with PTMC patients were significantly higher than those of HT with benign nodus patients and the PTMC patients （P＜0.05）．Conclusions ①Gal-3 and CK-19 protein are helpful to differentiate the benign thyroid tumor and malignant one. ② The expressions of Gal-3 and CK-19 protein in patients with HT are clear higher than those in patients without HT that means the prognosis evaluation in HT canceration. ③ Gal-3 combined with CK-19 protein are help for early diagnosis， the pathogenesis and prognosis evaluation in thyroid cancer. The b positive means canceration. ④ In HT with PTMC， it needs an operation therapy and a larger one， which is appropriate for lateral and opposite lobe partial resection or total resection.
Objective Mucin 1 （MUC1）and Thomsen-Friedenreich related antigens （TFRA）gene play an important role in the occurrence and development of tumor，so we will discuss its research advancements and clinical applications below. Methods Foreign and native related literatures published in recent 10 years were retrieved，and a further exploration on the expression relationship and clinical research progression of MUC1 and TFRA were reviewed. Results MUC1 and TFRA expressed in a high degree of specificity in malignant tumors，and their expressions interacted with each other. Many MUC1 related vaccines had been introduced to clinical in recent years，and some drugs based on TFRA had been put into clinical experiment as gene therapy methods too. Conclusions MUC1 and TFRA may be used as new target antigens of specific immunotherapy for malignant tumor. That they express in high or low level is closely related to tumor biological behavior and prognosis， moreover， they are important to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Objective To explore the expression of matrix metalloproteinase （MMP）-2 in patients with papillary thyroid cancer （PTC） recurrence or residuum and its value of clinical application. Methods The serums from 68 patients with thyroid disease underwent operation and 15 health examinations under stomachs empty from March 2009 to December2009 in this hospital were gathered. Sixty-eight patients with thyroid disease were divided into PTC with lymph node metastasis （LNM） group （n=19），PTC recurrence or residuum with LNM group （n=17），PTC without LNM group （n=10），and benign thyroid disease group （n=22） according to the postoperative pathological findings，15 health examinations as control group. The expression of MMP-2 of serum sample was detected by ELISA method. The difference of the expression of MMP-2 in each group was analyzed. Results The expressions of MMP-2 in the PTC recurrence or residuum with LNM group，PTC with LNM group，PTC without LNM group， benign thyroid disease group，and the control group were （1 724.00±762.24） ng/ml，（1 329.16±776.59） ng/ml，（1 489.61±546.53） ng/ml，（1 264.87±817.27） ng/ml，and （608.43±88.63） ng/ml，respectively. The expressions of MMP-2 in the PTC with LNM group and PTC recurrence or residuum with LNM group were significantly higher than those in the benign thyroid disease group （P＜0.05） and the control group （P＜0.05），respectively，which in the PTC without LNM group was significantly higher than that in the control group （P＜0.05）. There was no significant difference of MMP-2 expression of serum between the benign thyroid disease group and the control group （P＞0.05），which were no significant difference among the other threemalignant disease groups （P＞0.05）. The MMP-2 positive expression rates were 79%，76%，80%，41%，and 20% in the PTC with LNM，PTC recurrence or residue with LNM group，PTC without LNM group，benign thyroid disease group，and control group，respectively. The MMP-2 positive expressions rates of serums were not significantly different among three malignant disease groups （P＞0.05），but which were significantly higher than those of the benign thyroid disease group （P＜0.01） and control group （P＜0.01），respectively. Conclusions The MMP-2 level of serum can be used as an index to judge preoperative thyroid nodules，which can not be use to determine whether PTC metastasis or not.
ObjectiveTo investigate the structure, ligand, and tissue distribution of galectin-3, the relationship of galectin3 with tumor and the expression of galectin-3 in several thyroid diseases. MethodsRelated articles were reviewed. ResultsGalectin-3 was expressed in normal and tumor cell that regulated cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, which participated invasion and metastasis of tumor. ConclusionGalectin-3 may be used to discriminate benign and malignant thyroid tumor.
Objective To summarize the influencing factors of central lymph node metastasis in thyroid papillary carcinoma. Method Relevant literature about papillary thyroid carcinoma were reviewed and predictive factors of central lymph node metastasis were summarized. Results Studies had shown that, male, younger age, larger tumor size, multifocal, and BRAF mutations were risk factors for central lymph node metastasis in thyroid papillary carcinoma, while tumors located in the upper pole and combined with Hashimoto disease (HT) were the protective factors for central lymph node metastasis. Conclusions The central lymph node metastasis detection rate is low, so it is unable to meet with the preoperative diagnosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. A large number of studies have confirmed that clinical pathological features have predictive value for preoperative lymph node diagnosis, and can provide a reference for the selection of surgical methods in thyroid papillary carcinoma.
ObjectiveTo explore the factors that predict the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.MethodThe literature searching terms include "prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma" "ultrasound of papillary thyroid carcinoma" "papillary thyroid carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis", and "genes related to papillary thyroid carcinoma". The factors used to predict the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma such as the patient's clinical characteristics, ultrasound characteristics, serological indicators, genes mutations, etc. were reviewed.ResultsUltrasound features such as lesion diameter greater than 1 cm, extra-glandular invasion, and related gene mutations may increase the risk of postoperative recurrence. Patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis may have better prognosis.ConclusionThere are many factors that can predict the risk of recurrence in patients to a certain extent, but most of them are just in the study, so it is necessary to enact more standardized follow-up management to improve the survival rate.
Initial surgical treatment plays an important role in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer, and standardized surgical treatment can help to reduce underdiagnosis and overtreatment. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is the premise of standardized surgical treatment, which helps to reduce the overtreatment of thyroid nodules. Preoperative clinical TN staging assessment for differentiated thyroid cancer should be highly valued, the extent of thyroidectomy should be individualized, and the cervical lymph nodes should be performed in a standardized manner. In addition, the indications for endoscopic thyroid surgery should be strictly selected to maximize the benefit of the patient.
Hypothyroidism is one of the focuses of attention in the field of thyroid surgery, but postoperative hypoparathyroidism has always been an unavoidable complication for surgeons. Currently, there is still controversy over the definition and classification of postoperative hypoparathyroidism, and there are significant differences in the definition and incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism among different studies. The author provides preliminary suggestions and ideas for the diagnosis and definition of hypoparathyroidism based on relevant guidelines, literature, and clinical experience, in order to provide more accurate diagnosis and treatment plans for postoperative hypoparathyroidism.
Objective To investigate the growth inhibition and the apoptosis inducement effects of polysaccharide of trametes robiniophila murr (PS-T) on human rectal cancer cell line HR8348 and elucidate the possible mechanisms. Methods After treatment with PS-T, the growth inhibition rate of human rectal cancer cell strain HR8348 was studied by MTT method. The apoptotic index was detected by methyl green and pyronine Y staining and by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(TdT) mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The bcl-2, bcl-xl, bax, bak and p53 gene expressions of HR8348 cells were examined by immunohistochemical method.Results PS-T induced a dosedependent inhibition of HR8348 cells in vitro. The maximum percentage of growth inhibition was 71.1% by 36 h after administration of PS-T at a concentration of 4.0 mg/ml. There was no significant difference in the inhibitory rate as compared to the positive control (5-FU 10 μg/ml, P gt;0.05). The typical apoptosis phenomenons were observed under the light microscope by both staining methods. The apoptotic index increased parallelling with the increase of concentration of PS-T. When the PS-T concentration was 4.0 mg/ml, the apoptotic index determined by methyl green and pyronine Y staining and by TUNEL method increased rapidly to 0.1620±0.0128 and 0.2612±0.0158, respectively, which was greater than that of the positive control (5-FU 10 μg/ml, Plt;0.05). The expression of bcl-2, bcl-xl, bak and p53 was increased in the PS-Ttreated HR8348 cells by 36 h, while the bax remained unchanged. Expression index of bak/bcl-2 and bak/bcl-xl was increased significantly as compared with the control (Plt;0.05). Conclusion PS-T can significantly inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of human rectal cancer cell strain HR8348 in vitro. The apoptosis induced by PS-T might be related to the increase of the ratio of bak to bcl-2 and to bcl-xl and upregulation of the expression of p53 gene.
Objective To study the effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) induced apoptosis of the rectal carcinoma cell line HR8348 in vitro and the relationship between apoptosis induced by 5-FU and the expression of bcl-2，bcl-xl，bax and p53,and to investigate the possible mechanism of apoptosis of rectal carcinoma cell line HR8348 induced by 5-FU.Methods After treatment with 5-FU for 24 h,the apoptotic index was detected by methyl green and pyronine Y staining and by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL).The bcl-2,bcl-xl,bax and p53 gene expression of HR8348 cells were examined by immunohistochemical method.Results After treatment with 5-FU,the apoptotic index of experiment group was significantly increased,there was significant difference as compared with the control.Exposed to 5-FU for 12 h,24 h and 36 h,the expression of bcl-2 of HR8348 cell line remained unchanged,but the expression of bcl-xl slightly diminished,while the expression of bax was remarkly increased,the expression of p53 was not detected in both experiment and control groups.Conclusion This results indicate that 5-FU may induce apoptosis of rectal carcinoma cell line HR8348 and the possible mechanism of apoptosis induction is through upregulation of bax expression and the change of bax to bcl-xl ratio.