ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of computer-aided detection (CADe) and conventional colonoscopy in identifying colorectal adenomas and polyps. MethodsThe PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, WanFang Data, VIP, and CNKI databases were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effectiveness and safety of CADe assisted colonoscopy and conventional colonoscopy in detecting colorectal tumors from 2014 to April 2023. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias of the included literature. Meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.3 software. ResultsA total of 9 studies were included, with a total of 6 393 patients. Compared with conventional colonoscopy, the CADe system significantly improved the adenoma detection rate (ADR) (RR=1.22, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.35, P<0.01) and polyp detection rate (PDR) (RR=1.19, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.36, P=0.01). It also reduced the missed diagnosis rate (AMR) of adenomas (RR=0.48, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.67, P<0.01) and the missed diagnosis rate (PMR) of polyps (RR=0.39, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.59, P<0.01). The PDR of proximal polyps significantly increased, while the PDR of ≤ 5mm polyps slightly increased, but the PDR of >10mm and pedunculated polyps significantly decreased; The AMR of the cecum, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon was significantly reduced. There was no statistically significant difference in the withdrawal time between the two groups. Conclusion The computer-aided detection system can increase the detection rate of adenomas and polyps, and reduce the missed diagnosis rate. The detection rate of polyps is related to their location, size, and shape, while the missed diagnosis rate of adenomas is related to their location.