Objective To summarize the research status and prospect of immunotherapy for biliary tract cancer (BTC). Method The literatures about immunotherapy of BTC at home and abroad in recent years were reviewed. Results Surgical resection was still the first choice and only radical treatment for BTC. However, the recurrence rate of BTC was high, and most of the patients were in the middle and late stage with metastasis and lose the opportunity of operation. Patients with local progression, metastasis or recurrence could only receive chemotherapy and other comprehensive treatment, but they could not get satisfactory results. The continuous update of targeted drugs brings new hope for drug therapy of BTC, and immunotherapy had become a new treatment of tumor targeted therapy following radiotherapy and chemotherapy. ConclusionImmunotherapy can be used as an option for the treatment of advanced BTC and its postoperative recurrence and metastasis, and has attracted more and more attention.
Objective To evaluate the expression of γ-synuclein protein （SNCG） in carcinoma of bile duct andnormal bile duct tissues， and its clinical significance. Methods The expressions of SNCG were detected by SP immuno-histochemical in 60 cases of cholangiocarcinoma and 34 cases of normal bile duct tissues， and to analysis its relationship with the clinical pathological characteristics of cholangiocarcinoma. Results The positive expression rate of SNCG in carcinoma of bile duct tissues was 73.33% （44/60）， which was higher than that in normal bile duct tissues （P＜0.01）. The positive expression of SNCG in carcinoma of bile duct tissues was correlated with the depth of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis （P＜0.01）， but not related to patients’ age， gender， and the degree of tumor differentiation （P＞0.05）. Conclusions The expression of SNCG is correlated with the cholangiocarcinoma occurrence， development， invasion， and metastasis. SNCG plays an important role in the infiltration and metastasis of carcinoma of bile duct. SNCG is expected to become a new cancer tumor marker， which can provide a basis to prognosize and to formulate the corres-ponding therapy plan.
Objective To establish perineural invasion xenograft model of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Methods The cultured cells of cholangiocarcinoma cell line QBC939 were inoculated subcutaneously in the nude mice so as toestablish primary subcutaneous model of cholangiocarcinoma. The primary tumor tissues were inoculated intraperitoneallyaround the liver in the nude mice so as to establish the second generation intraperitoneal xenograft model. The successful xenografted tumor tissues were obtained for anatomical and pathological examinations. Results The tumor formation rate of primary subcutaneous xenograft of hilar cholangiocarcinoma was 100% （5/5）， and no nerve infiltration was observed. The tumor formation rate of the second generation intraperitoneal xenograft was 45% （9/20）， and two mice （2/9， 22%） manifested nerve infiltration. The rate of nerve infiltration was 10% （2/20）， and the tumor cells had different size and diversity， irregular shape， low differentiation， decreased cytoplasm and nucleus karyomegaly， visible atypical and fission phase， and no obvious gland tube structure by pathological examination. Conclusions Hilar cholangiocarcinoma cell has the particular features of perineural invasion， it is a good experiment platform for researching the mode and biological characteristics of perineural invasion of hilar cholangiocarcinoma by applicated QBC939 cell lines to establish the perineural invasion xenograft model of cholangiocarcinoma.