The selection of summary statistics to use in a meta-analysis is very important for the interpretation and application of its results. This paper introduces some basic concepts of summary statistics in meta-analysis. The selection of a summary statistic for a meta-analysis depends on the following factors: design of the studies being combined, type of data, consistency among the included studies, mathematical properties and ease of interpretation. For continuous data, the weighted mean difference (WMD) is recommended when all trials use the same scale to report their outcomes, while standardized mean difference (SMD) is more appropriate when trials use different scales to report their outcomes, or the means of their outcomes differ greatly. For dichotomous data, rate ratio or relative risk (RR) is bly recommended to be the summary statistics for meta-analyses of randomized trials. The use of odds ratio (OR) as the summary statistic is similar to that of RR, if the event being studied in both the intervention (exposure) and the control group is rare. There is no single measurement that is uniformly best for all meta-analyses.
Etiological and prognostic studies always directly reported effect size with its 95% confidence interval, hence, data transformation was needed when performing meta-analysis based on these studies. Using the data of risk ratio, hazard ratio, odds ratio and 95% confidence interval as an example, this paper introduces the process of using RevMan 5.3 software to convert data and perform meta-analysis.