ObjectiveTo explore the effectiveness and safety of sevelamer carbonate (Renvela) for hyperphosphatemia in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). MethodsESRD patients undergoing renal replacement therapy with hyperphosphatemia in the East District of Qingdao Municipal Hospital from June to November 2013 were randomly divided into two groups. For eight-week treatment course, the trial group was treated with Renvela (initial dose of 800 mg, tid), and the control group was treated with calcium acetate (initial dose of 667 mg, tid). The dose was adjusted every two weeks to achieve serum phosphorus control. Serum levels of phosphorus, adjusted serum calcium, calcium-phosphorus products, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and bicarbonate were recorded. Statistical analysis was conducted using SAS 8.2. ResultsA total of 68 ESRD patients were included, 34 patients in each group. After 8-week treatment, serum phosphorus and calcium-phosphorus products significantly decreased in both groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the Renvela group and the calcium acetate group in the achievement rate of serum phosphorus (43.33% vs. 36.67%), the incidence of hypercalcaemic events (6.67% vs. 13.33%), and the change of serum iPTH content (-0.88±10.34 pg/mL vs.-0.76±19.14 pg/mL), with no significant difference. However, the Renvela group showed significant advantages in the change of serum phosphorus content (-0.65±0.26 mmol/L vs.-0.53±0.22 mmol/L), the change of adjusted serum calcium content (0.01±0.05 vs. 0.09±0.06 mmol/L), the change of calcium-phosphorus products (-1.45±0.61 mmol2/L2 vs.-0.97±0.47 mmol2/L2), the change of LDL-C content (-0.46±0.10 mmol/L vs. 0.02±0.12 mmol/L), and the change of serum bicarbonate content (-1.00±0.29 mmol/L vs. 0.01±0.18 mmol/L), with significant differences. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions (14.71% vs. 11.76%) between the two groups (P=1.00), and the main adverse reaction was gastrointestinal reaction. ConclusionRenvela is relatively effective and safe for hyperphosphatemia in ESRD patients.
ObjectiveTo explore and discuss the effects of lanthanum carbonate on serum calcium and phosphorus of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients with chronic renal failure receiving calcitriol pulse therapy due to secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). MethodsCAPD patients caused by SHPT in peritoneal dialysis centre of the Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Eastern Hospital from March to June, 2013 were selected and randomly divided into two groups (lanthanum carbonate group and calcium carbonate group). The lanthanum carbonate group were treated with oral lanthanum carbonate and calcitriol pulse therapy, while the calcium carbonate group were treated with calcium carbonate and calcitriol. Change of levels of serum calcium, phosphorus and iPTH were observed and statistic analysis was conducted using SPSS 17.0. ResultsA total of 40 CAPD patients were included, 20 cases in each group. After 12-week treatment, levels of serium phosphate (t=5.095, P=0.000) and iPTH (t=1.225, P=0.000) in the lanthanum carbonate group were significantly lower than those before treatment. The levels of serum calcium (t=1.127, P=0.001) and phosphate (t=2.035, P=0.000) in the lanthanum carbonate group were significantly lower than those in the calcium carbonate group (P < 0.05). ConclusionLanthanum carbonate serves as a useful approach to improve hypercalcemia and the hyperphosphatemia in CAPD patients receiving calcitriol pulse therapy due to SHPT.
The study of viruses traditionally focused on their roles as infectious agents and as tools for understanding cell biology. Recently, however, with the development of structural biology, viruses have now been receiving particular attention in nanotechnology. By chemical methods or by gene modification, viruses have been functionalized as potential building blocks for several applications, such as drug/gene delivery vehicles, advanced vaccine vehicles, and special inorganic or organic nanomaterials. Here we highlight some of the recent progresses in the medical applications of viruses.
Dental composite resin is a kind of material which has been widely used in dental restoration. Research has found that the influence of residual monomer on the material mechanical, chemical and biological properties cannot be ignored. This paper elaborates these harms of residual monomers. The effects of resin matrix, inorganic filler and initiating system, illumination, secondarily treatment on the degree of conversion were also analyzed. The paper also discusses the effective measures to increase the conversion, and offers theoretical basis for the clinical application and development of composite resin.