The surgical treatment of acute aortic dissection is difficult, and the mortality is associated with anastomosis site complications. Therefore, it is essential to make sure the end-to-end anastomosis safe and avoid bleeding. The methods of anastomosis include: direct anastomosis, adventitial inversion technique and sandwich technique. The latter two methods are both effective in hemostasis and reducing the postoperative complications. According to the recent literatures, the adventitial inversion technique may facilitate thrombotic closure of the false lumen in acute type A aortic dissection management and increase the long-term survival of the patients. This review introduces 2 modified methods of anastomosis as well, and summarizes clinical outcomes of different end-to-end anastomotic methods for surgical treatment of acute Stanford type A aortic dissection, in order to recommend the most proper method of end-to-end anastomosis.
Carney complex (CNC) is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome, characterized by pigmented lesions of the skin and mucosa, cardiac, cutaneous and other myxomas and multiple endocrine tumors. The disease is caused by inactivating mutations or large deletions of the PRKAR1A gene located at 17q22–24 coding for the regulatory subunit type Ⅰ alpha of protein kinase A (PKA) gene. Most recently, components of the complex have been associated with defects of other PKA subunits, such as the catalytic subunits PRKACA (adrenal hyperplasia) and PRKACB (pigmented spots, myxomas, pituitary adenomas). We reviewed CNC’s clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and molecular etiology.
Cardiac lipoma is rare and benign entities of heart, and often discovered after autopsy incidentally because most patients remain completely asymptomatic. The symptoms of cardiac lipoma depend on their location and size within the heart, such as dyspnea, chest pain, arrhythmia, and even sudden death. Surgical interventions usually have good results. Up till now, there has been no any relevant large-scale randomized controlled trial, and even no precise guideline for treatment. Surgical procedures often depend on patients' clinical manifestations and changes of hemodynamics in cardiac vessels in order to relief the symptoms as well as abort the progress of the disease. Therefore, early diagnosis and close follow-up are necessary for timely treatment. This article aims to summarize the imageological examinations for cardiac lipoma, including echocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging along with their characteristics and advantages, in order to get better clinical strategies.
ObjectiveTo explore the early clinical outcomes of patients with acute type A aortic dissection and intramural hematoma.MethodsThe clinical data of 61 patients with acute type A aortic dissection or intramural hematoma in our hospital from January 23, 2020 to March 10, 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, including 43 males and 18 females, aged 22-81 (52.1±13.0) years. The patient's time of visit, clinical characteristics and early survival were analyzed. Kaplan-Mier survival curve and log-rank test were used for the survival analysis.ResultsThere were 48 (78.7%) patients diagnosed with acute type A aortic dissection and 13 (21.3%) patients with intramural hematoma; 34 patients received operation and 11 were emergent. The 30-day mortality was 2.9% among the patients receiving operation. There were 48 patients alive and 13 patients dead during the study period. The cumulative survival rates for all the patients on postoperative 1 day, 3 days and 7 days were 93.4%, 86.4% and 77.5%, respectively. The cumulative survival rates for the patients with dissection on postoperative 1 day, 3 days and 7 days were 95.7%, 88.7% and 79.4%, respectively. The cumulative survival rates for the patients with hematoma on postoperative 1 day, 3 days and 7 days were 92.3%, 84.6% and 84.6%, respectively. The difference of survival rates between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The cumulative survival rate of all the patients on postoperative 14 days was 74.5%. No statistically significant difference in survival rate on postoperative 14 days was found between patients with intramural hematoma and patients with aortic dissection (P>0.05). The proportions of the patients with unstable hemodynamics were found statistically significant between the survival patients and the dead patients (P<0.05).ConclusionPatients with acute aortic dissection and intramural hematoma who survive to the hospital still have the risk of death under active drug therapy, and rupture of the dissection is the leading cause of death in these patients, especially for those with hemodynamic unstability.
Acute Stanford type A aortic dissection has the characteristics of acute onset, severe condition and high mortality. Once making a definite diagnosis, surgical treatment is needed as soon as possible. It is difficult for cardiac surgeons to treat the acute aortic dissection involving the aortic sinus, which is an important risk factor for death. Improving the surgical treatment for the aortic sinus can be a key to improving the prognosis. In this review, we will introduce the modified sandwich technique for acute Stanford type A aortic dissection and the prognosis, and summarize the experiences of different modified sandwich techniques. However, there is still no unified standardized technique in aortic root repair, and there is a lack of large studies with long-term follow-up, so it is necessary to further improve the aortic root repair techniques.
ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility, effectiveness and durability of aortic sinoplasty in repairing aortic roots of patients with acute type A aortic dissection.MethodsFrom January 2014 to July 2017, 43 consecutive patients with acute type A aortic dissection underwent aortic sinoplasty to repair aortic root in our institution, including 34 males and 9 females, aged 32-65 (50.1±8.1) years. The perioperative and follow-up data were retrospectively analyzed, and statistical analysis on the preoperative, postoperative and follow-up ultrasound indicators was performed.ResultsThirty-day mortality was 4.7%. Preoperative aortic regurgitation was corrected and false lumen was eliminated immediately after operation in all patients. There was no late death, or aortic root or valve re-intervention and two patients were lost during a follow-up of 18-45 (27.9±6.7) months. There was no residual dissection found. No patients had significant dilation of aortic root. No statistically significant difference was found when comparing the maximum of root diameter and aortic regurgitation grade between at discharge and follow-up.ConclusionAortic sinoplasty for aortic root repair in acute type A aortic dissection is a simple and reliable technique and demonstrates excellent early outcomes.
Objective To introduce a modified Sakakibara classification system for a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm （RSVA），and suggest different surgical approaches for corresponding types of RSVA. Methods Clinical data of 159 patients undergoing surgical repair for RSVA in Fu Wai Hospital between February 2006 and January 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 105 male and 54 female patients with their age of 2-71 （33.4±10.7） years. All these patients were divided into 5 types as a modified Sakakibara classification system. Type I: rupture into the right ventricle just beneath the pulmonary valve （n=66），including 84.8% patients with ventricular septal defect （VSD） and 53.8% patients with aortic valve insufficiency （AI）. TypeⅡ：rupture into or just beneath the crista supraventricularis of the right ventricle （n=17），including 88.2% patients with VSD and 23.5% patients with AI. Type Ⅲ：rupture into the right atrium （typeⅢ a，n=21） or the right ventricle （typeⅢv，n=6） near or at the tricuspid annulus，including 18.5% patients with VSD and 25.9% patients with AI. TypeⅣ：rupture into the right atrium （n=46），including 23.9% patients with AI but no patient with VSD. TypeⅤ：other rare conditions，such as rupture into the left atrium，left ventricle or pulmonary artery （n=3），including 100% patients with AI and 33.3% patients with VSD. Most RSVA originated in the right coronary sinus （n=122），and others originated in the noncoronary sinus （n=35） or left coronary sinus （n=2）. Results All the type V patients （100%） and 50% patients with typeⅢv received RSVA repair through aortotomy. In most patients of typeⅠ，II andⅣ，repair was achieved through the cardiac chamber of the fistula exit （71.2%，64.7% and 69.6% respectively）. Both routes of repair were used in 76.2% patients with typeⅢ a. The cardiopulmonary bypass time （92.4±37.8 minutes） and aortic cross-clamp time （61.2±30.7 minutes） was the shortest to repair typeⅣRSVA. There was no in-hospital death in this group. Two patients （type I andⅡrespectively） underwent reoperation during the early postoperative period because of restenosis of the right ventricular outflow tract. Most patients received reinforcement patch for RSVA repair （n=149），and only 10 patients received simple suture repair （including 5 patients with typeⅣ，4 patients with typeⅢ a and 1 patient with typeⅡ）. Aortic valve replacement was performed for 33 patients （66.7% of those with typeⅠ）. A total of 147 patients （92.5%） were followed up after discharge. Two patients （type I andⅢ a respectively） developed atrial fibrillation and received radiofrequency ablation treatment，1 patient （typeⅣ） underwent reoperation for residual shunt，and there was no late death during follow-up. Conclusion Modified Sakakibara classification system for RVSA provides a guidance to choose an appropriate surgical approach，and satisfactory clinical outcomes can be achieved for all types of RSVA.
Objective To systematically review the efficacy and safety of a very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in patients who were overweight or obese. Methods From inception to August 2021, the electronic databases PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP, and CBM were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of VLCKD in patients with overweight or obesity. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias of the included studies. Then, meta-analysis was performed using Stata 16.0 software. Results A total of 5 RCTs involving 245 patients were included. Among patients with baseline body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2, the meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group, VLCKD could significantly reduce the BMI (MD=−0.24, 95%CI −0.39 to −0.08, P<0.05), weight (MD=−7.00, 95%CI −10.48 to −3.53, P<0.05) and waist circumference (MD=−7.40, 95%CI −12.68 to −2.12, P<0.05) . The subgroup analysis results showed that compared with the control diet, VLCKD could significantly reduce the glucose (MD=−9.60, 95%CI −17.52 to −1.69, P<0.05), glycated hemoglobin (MD=−0.24, 95%CI −0.39 to −0.08, P<0.05), insulin resistance index (MD=−0.90, 95%CI −1.08 to −0.73, P<0.05) and triglycerides (MD=−41.42, 95%CI −53.78, −29.06, P<0.05) in patients with type 2 diabetes and with obesity or overweight. In patients with obesity or overweight, VLCKD could increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD=8.60, 95%CI 0.17 to 17.03, P<0.05) when the intervention lasted longer than 12 months. In patients with obesity or overweight, VLCKD had no effect on insulin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, urea, creatinine, or uric acid. Patients with VLCKD had a higher rate of adverse events than those in the control groups; however, there was no significant difference in the rate when the intervention lasted longer than 4 months. Conclusion The current evidence shows that VLCKD can reduce BMI, weight, and waist circumference and reduce fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin resistance index, and triglycerides among patients with type 2 diabetes and with obesity or overweight. However, VLCKD has no effect on insulin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, urea, creatinine, or uric acid. Due to the limited quantity and quality of the included studies, more high-quality studies are needed to verify the above conclusion.
Objective To analyze the risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia( VAP) in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass ( CPB) . Methods A total of 127 consecutive adult patients who received postoperative ventilation for more than 48 hours between January 2002 and June 2008 in the cardiac surgical intensive care unit( CSICU) were included in this study. The patients were assigned into a VAPgroup( n =64) and a control group( n = 63) . Pre-, intra-, and postoperative factors were collected and analyzed between two groups, and the multivariate analysis( logistic regression)were used to identify the risk factors of VAP. Results The overall incidence of VAP was 5.1%. The mortality of VAP was 28. 1% . Compared to the control group, the patients in the VAP group had longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass time, ventilation time, more blood products usage and the duration of stay in CSICU( P lt; 0. 001) , higher morbidity of low cardiac output syndrome and tracheotomy( P lt; 0. 01) and higher rate of aortic surgery and mortality( P lt; 0. 05) . The preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF) and postoperative oxygenation index( PaO2 /FiO2 ) were lower in the VAP group than those of the control group( P lt; 0. 001) . Five variables were found to be significantly related to the development of VAP by multivariate analysis: CPB time gt; 120 min( OR = 6. 352, P = 0. 000) ; PaO2 /FiO2 lt; 300 mm Hg( OR =3. 642, P = 0. 017) , transfusion of blood products ≥1500 mL( OR = 5. 083, P = 0. 039) , ventilation time≥5 days( OR = 9. 074, P = 0. 047) and tracheotomy( OR = 19. 899, P = 0. 021) . A total of 102 pathogens were obtained by sputum culture in 64 VAP patients. There were 62( 60. 8% ) cases of gram negative bacilli, 19 cases( 18. 6% ) of gram positive cocci and 21( 20. 6% ) cases of eumycetes. Conclusion This study shows that the cardiopulmonary bypass time, ventilation time, hypoxemia, blood products transfusion and tracheotomy are risk factors most likely associated with VAP development.
ObjectiveTo summarize the surgical strategy of reoperative aortic root replacement after prior aortic valve replacement (AVR), and analyze the early and mid-term outcomes.MethodsFrom April 2013 to January 2020, 75 patients with prior AVR underwent reoperative aortic root replacement in Fuwai Hospital. There were 54 males and 21 females with a mean age of 56.4±12.7 years. An emergent operation was performed in 14 patients and an elective operation in 61 patients. The indications were aortic root aneurysm in 38 patients, aortic dissection involving aortic root in 30 patients, root false aneurysm in 2 patients, prosthesis valve endocarditis with root abscess in 2 patients, and Behçet's disease with root destruction in 3 patients. The survival and freedom from aortic events during the follow-up were evaluated with the Kaplan-Meier survival curve and the log-rank test.ResultsThe operative procedures included prosthesis-sparing root replacement in 45 patients, Bentall procedure in 26 patients, and Cabrol procedure in 4 patients. Operative mortality was 1.3% (1/75). A composite of adverse events occurred in 5 patients, including operative death (n=1), stroke (n=1), and acute renal injury necessitating hemodialysis (n=3). The follow-up was available for all 74 survivors, with the mean follow-up time of 0.5-92.0 (30.3±25.0) months. Four late deaths occurred during the follow-up. The survival rate at 1 year, 3 years and 6 years was 97.2%, 91.4% and 84.4%, respectively. Aortic events developed in 2 patients. The rate of freedom from aortic events at 1 year, 3 years, and 6 years was 98.7%, 95.0% and 87.7%, respectively. There was no difference in rate of survival or freedom from aortic events between the elective patients and the emergent patients.ConclusionReoperative aortic root replacement after prior AVR can be performed to treat the root pathologies after AVR, with acceptable early and mid-term outcomes.