Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on restenosis of the vein graft. Methods Totally 90 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided a the control group, a vein graft group and an EGCG+vein graft group. At week 1, 2 and 4, the intimal and tunica thickness of the venous graft wall was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the expression of Ki-67 was assessed by immunohistochemistry analysis, and then the expression of hairy and enhancer of split-1 (HES1) was measured by Western blot assay. Results At week 2, the intimal thickness (46.76±4.89 μmvs. 8.93±0.82 μm, 46.76±4.89 μmvs. 34.24±3.57 μm), tunica thickness (47.28±4.37vs. 16.33±1.52 μm, 47.28±4.37vs. 36.27±3.29 μm), positive cell rate of Ki-67 (21.59%±2.29%vs. 1.12%±0.22%, 21.59%±2.29%vs. 15.38%±1.30%), expression of HES1 respectively increased in the experimental group than those in the control group and the EGCG+vein graft group (P<0.05, respectively). At week 4, the intimal thickness (66.38±6.23 μmvs. 8.29±0.79 μm, 66.38±6.23 μmvs. 48.39±4.23 μm), tunica thickness (63.27±6.18 μmvs. 15.29±1.49 μm, 63.27±6.18 μmvs. 44.63±4.49 μm), positive cell rate of Ki-67 (33.19%±3.03%vs. 1.09%±0.19%, 33.19%±3.03%vs. 24.37%±2.73%), expression of HES1 increased in the experimental group than those in the control group and EGCG+vein graft group (P<0.05, respectively). Conclusion EGCG may inhibite restenosis of vein graft by inhibiting Notch signal pathway.
Purpose The aim of this study was to combine intra-articular and peri-articular with wound infiltration analgesia (multi-site infiltration analgesia, MIA) for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and compare its pain management and early rehabilitation effect with the commonly used nerve block including adductor cannel block (FNB) and femoral nerve block (ACB). Method We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial and 77 patients were included for analysis. The patients were randomized over three groups. The first group (26 patients) received multi-site infiltration analgesia (MIA group), the second group (27 patients) received femoral nerve block (FNB group), and the third group (24 patients) received adductor cannel block (ACB group). Results MIA showed better pain control at rest during the first 12 hours (p < 0.05 respectively) and less opioid consumption after operation than the other two groups (p < 0.05, respectively), but ACB and FNB revealed similar outcomes (p > 0.05). At the same time, there are no significant differences in pain score with activity, vital signs, and occurrence of complication (p > 0.05, respectively) among the three groups. When evaluated the early rehabilitation, MIA and ACB had similar outcomes on post-operative muscle strength (p > 0.05), but they showed better quadriceps strength when compared FNB (p < 0.05). Although the knee ROM of the patients with FNB showed better results (p < 0.05), their ambulation ability was inferior to those in MIA group (p < 0.05 and ACB group (p < 0.05) early after the operation, besides, MIA patients were superior to ACB patients (p < 0.05). Furthermore, MIA spent less time on operation and post-operative hospital stays when compared with FNB and ACB (p < 0.05, respectively), while the ACB and FNB were without significant difference (p < 0.05, respectively). Conclusion ACB was not inferior to FNB on pain control, but it was better on early mobilization. However, MIA that combine intra-articular and peri-articular with wound infiltration analgesia after TKA was more effective on pain control at rest, with better efficacy on early rehabilitation and easier to perform when compared with these commonly used nerve block. We recommended our MIA for pain relief and fast rehabilitation after TKA.
Despite the efficient suppression of HIV-1 replication that can be achieved with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), low levels of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling persist in some individuals. This sustained signaling may impede immune recovery and foster viral persistence. Here we report studies using a monoclonal antibody to block IFN-alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR) signaling in humanized mice (hu-mice) that were persistently infected with HIV-1. We discovered that effective cART restored the number of human immune cells in HIV-1-infected hu-mice but did not rescue their immune hyperactivation and dysfunction. IFNAR blockade fully reversed HIV-1-induced immune hyperactivation and rescued anti-HIV-1 immune responses in T cells from HIV-1-infected hu-mice. Finally, we found that IFNAR blockade in the presence of cART reduced the size of HIV-1 reservoirs in lymphoid tissues and delayed HIV-1 rebound after cART cessation in the HIV-1-infected hu-mice. We conclude that low levels of IFN-I signaling contribute to HIV-1-associated immune dysfunction and foster HIV-1 persistence in cART-treated hosts. Our results suggest that blocking IFNAR may provide a potential strategy to enhance immune recovery and reduce HIV-1 reservoirs in individuals with sustained elevations in IFN-I signaling during suppressive cART.
AimTo investigate the effects of mammalian homologue of Drosophila diaphanous-1(mDia1) and Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) on the migration and adhesion of dental pulp cells (DPCs). MethodologyLysophosphatidic acid (LPA) was used to activate Rho signalling. mDia1 and ROCK were inhibited by short interfering RNA and the specific inhibitor, Y-27632, respectively. The migration of DPCs was assessed using the transwell migration assay and scratch test. Formation of cytoskeleton and focal adhesions(FAs) was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cell adhesion and spreading assays were performed. Phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin was detected by Western blotting, and the bands were analysed using Adobe Photoshop CS5 software. All experiments were performed at least three times, and data were analysed with one-way anova and a post hoc test. ResultsLPA-triggered activation of Rho and inhibition of ROCK significantly increased the cell migration rate. Cell migration was inhibited by silencing mDia1. mDia1 silencing and ROCK inhibition suppressed the LPA-induced formation of the cytoskeleton, FA and phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin. Inhibition of ROCK or mDia1 facilitated early cell adhesion and spreading; by contrast, the combined inhibition of ROCK and mDia1 neutralized these effects. ConclusionsmDia1 promoted RhoA-induced migration of DPCs, but ROCK had an opposite effect. Both mDia1 and ROCK participated in cytoskeleton formation and adhesion of DPCs. The interactions between mDia1 and ROCK might influence dental pulp repair by determining the migration and adhesion of DPCs.
Polypropylene (PP), as one of the most common prosthetic materials, has been widely used in intra-peritoneal repair. However, its adhesion to viscera has severely limited its application. Therefore it is critical to improve the PP surface with an anti-adhesion property. In this work, based on dopamine-inspired chemistry, virgin PP (V-PP) mesh was first pretreated with O-2 plasma, subsequently dipped in dopamine aqueous solution for 24 h, and then chitosan (CS) was grafted onto it. Finally the anti-adhesion mesh (O-PP/PDA/CS) was obtained. The formation procedure of a PDA/CS ad-layer was characterized by water contact angle measurements, ATR-FTIR, SEM, and XPS. The results show that a PDA/CS ad-layer could be coated on the PP surface efficiently. NIH/3T3 cells were first cultured on O-PP/PDA/CS meshes to evaluate the availability of anti-adhesion and biocompatibility in vitro, and then the efficacy of the PDA/CS-coating as a barrier for reducing postsurgical adhesions was evaluated using a rat abdominal wall defect model. Compared with the V-PP group, NIH/3T3 cells exhibited higher viability in the O-PP/PDA/CS groups as evaluated by the CCK-8 method. In addition, NIH/3T3 cells grow into round-shapes on the O-PP/PDA/CS surface. This indicates that the modification strategy can facilely lead to excellent properties of anti-adhesion. In vivo tests further indicate that O-PP/PDA/CS meshes were effective in reducing adhesion formation.
A patient's pain during mandibular third molar extraction often creates problems for a dental surgeon and can also cause immense patient discomfort, such as decreased quality of life, serious complications, or even danger to the patients' lives. Effective pain management is therefore of great importance. Conventional block anesthesia method often fails to control such pain completely during an operation. Therefore, two available alternatives, Gow-Gates (G-G) and Vazirani-Akinosi (V-A) methods, have been developed. However, the results of current studies regarding their effectiveness and safety are somewhat ambiguous. The use of G-G and V-A techniques is therefore restricted. This study did a comprehensive review of the relevant research and finally 7 RCTs were included. The results of this meta-analysis indicate that both G-G and V-A techniques have a lower risk of positive aspiration. G-G technique also evidenced a higher success rate than the conventional method. V-A was faster while the G-G technique in contrast had a slower onset time than the conventional technique. In terms of the measurement of analgesic success, however, the V-A method was statistically indistinguishable from conventional techniques. These findings will hopefully endow clinicians with the knowledge required to make appropriate choices for effective anesthesia during lower third molar extraction.
An efficient synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes from aldehydes with indoles through graphene oxide-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation is developed. The reaction proceeds in water by using graphene oxide as the single catalyst to provide the desired products in good to excellent yields. Also, this methodology has a broad substrate scope, and is environment friendly and cost economic. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.
As one of the model medicinal plants for exploration of biochemical pathways and molecular biological questions on complex metabolic pathways, Catharanthus roseus synthesizes more than 100 terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) used for clinical treatment of various diseases and for new drug discovery. Given that extensive studies have revealed the major metabolic pathways and the spatial-temporal biosynthesis of TIA in C. roseus plant, little is known about subcellular and inter-cellular trafficking or long-distance transport of TIA end products or intermediates, as well as their regulation. While these transport processes are indispensable for multi-organelle, -tissue and -cell biosynthesis, storage and their functions, great efforts have been made to explore these dynamic cellular processes. Progress has been made in past decades on transcriptional regulation of TIA biosynthesis by transcription factors as either activators or repressors; recent studies also revealed several transporters involved in subcellular and inter-cellular TIA trafficking. However, many details and the regulatory network for controlling the tissue-or cell-specific biosynthesis, transport and storage of serpentine and ajmalicine in root, catharanthine in leaf and root, vindoline specifically in leaf and vinblastine and vincristine only in green leaf and their biosynthetic intermediates remain to be determined. This review is to summarize the progress made in biosynthesis, transcriptional regulation and transport of TIAs. Based on analysis of organelle, tissue and cell-type specific biosynthesis and progresses in transport and trafficking of similar natural products, the transporters that might be involved in transport of TIAs and their synthetic intermediates are discussed; according to transcriptome analysis and bioinformatic approaches, the transcription factors that might be involved in TIA biosynthesis are analyzed. Further discussion is made on a broad context of transcriptional and transport regulation in order to guide our future research.
INTRODUCTION: Postoperative shivering (POS) is a common complication that occurs after regional and general anesthesia. Thus far, numerous studies have reported on the effectiveness of tramadol in preventing or treating POS. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of tramadol in the prevention of POS. EVIDENCE ACQUISTION: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library to identify studies of the efficacy of tramadol in the prevention of POS. The results are expressed as relative ratios (RRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Seventeen studies with a total of 1438 patients were included. Seven hundred seventy-seven of these patients received tramadol, and 661 received placebo. Compared with placebo, the patients who received tramadol exhibited a significant reduction in the incidence of POS based on subgroup analyses according to anesthesia (RR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.19-0.37; P < 0.00001), different doses of tramadol (RR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.19-0.35; P < 0.00001), the rescue drug used (RR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.10-0.35; P < 0.00001) and the number of patients who experienced severe POS (RR: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.12-0.23; P < 0.00001). Moreover, the administration of tramadol did not increase the risks of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), hemodynamic turbulence, respiratory depression or deep sedation. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis revealed that prophylactic tramadol effectively prevents POS and reduces rescue medication use without significant adverse effects.