In the present study, swine thighbone samples with different water contents were prepared through process of dehydration. The influence of water content on the biotribological behavior of the bone tissue was studied with nanoindentation test, reciprocating sliding test and impact wear test. It is shown that the water contents had significant influence on the mechanical properties and biotribological behavior of the swine thighbone samples. In this experiment condition, with decreasing water content, the hardness and elastic modulus of the swine thighbone samples increased, while the tribological properties significantly decreased. The viscoelasticity of bone tissue decreased with decreasing water content, which mainly resulted in different wear mechanisms of the bone tissue samples under applied loading.