Objective To investigate the protective effect of the exosome on the organ damage induced by ische-mia-reperfusion (I/R) so as to provide a new way for the treatment of I/R damage. Methods The literature related to the treatment of I/R damage was reviewed and analyzed. Results The exosome volume is small and it is present in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine, which has the function to cross the blood-brain barrier, and protect the heart, brain and other organs after I/R damage. Conclusion Exosome is a new material for the treatment of I/R organ injury, and it is important to understand the protective effect and possible mechanism.