In recent years, the incidence of primary liver cancer has been increasing, among which hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) being the most common subtype. The treatment of early HCC is mainly surgery, but most patients are not diagnosed until the late stage of the disease. The treatment methods and effects are very limited and the prognosis is very poor. Although targeted therapy has prolonged the overall survival of patients with HCC, the overall efficacy is unsatisfactory. The emergence of immunotherapy has brought new therapeutic prospects for HCC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, among which programmed death-1/programmed death ligand-1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 are the representative immunological checkpoints, have attracted more attention. This article will introduce the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced HCC, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced HCC.
【摘要】 目的 探讨CT引导下经椎弓根穿刺活检对椎体病变的诊断价值及可行性。 方法 回顾性分析2009年5月—2010年4月42例椎体病变患者经椎弓根穿刺活检的穿刺活检方法、病理结果、最终诊断及穿刺并发症。 结果 患者总穿刺准确率为95.2%（40/42）。其中恶性病变的穿刺准确率为94.3%（33/35），良性病变穿刺准确率为100%（7/7）；所有患者均未发生严重穿刺并发症。 结论 CT引导下经椎弓根穿刺活检诊断椎体病变有安全可靠、准确性高等特点。【Abstract】 Objective To explore the value and the feasibility of CT guided transpedicular biopsy in diagnosing vertebral body lesions. Methods From May 2009 to April 2010, 42 patients with vertebral body lesions underwent CT guided transpedicular biopsy. The clinical data including the puncture method, pahtological resutls, final diagnosis, and the pucture complications were retrospectively analyzed. Results The total accuracy rate of the puncture was 95.2%(40/42). The accuracy rate of the puncture was 94.3% (33/35) for malignant lesions and 100.0% (7/7) for benign lesions. No complication occurred. Conclusion CT guided transpedicular biopsy is very helpful in diagnosing vertebral body lesions with high accuracy and fewer complications.
目的:探讨经肝动脉导管注射明胶海绵碘化油乳剂治疗肝癌合并严重动静脉瘘的可行性及临床应用价值。方法:对38例肝癌动静脉瘘患者血管分别行超选择插管注射明胶海绵碘化油乳剂,造影观察动静脉瘘的栓塞率,血管再通率,副作用,并发症及生存率等指标。结果:38例肝癌动静脉瘘患者经肝动脉导管注入明胶海绵碘化油乳剂约2~10mL栓塞,栓塞后造影显示闭塞率为94.7%(36/38),4周后造影显示动静脉瘘再通率为5.56%(2/36),未见确切不良反应,肿瘤碘化油乳剂沉积好,患者6月生存率为94.7%(36/38),12月生存率为60.5%(23/38),24月生存率为21.1%(8/38)。结论:经肝动脉导管注射碘化油乳剂治疗肝癌动静脉瘘安全可靠,对瘘口要求不高,栓塞率高,再通率低,肿瘤的栓塞治疗效果好。
Objective To investigate the feasibil ity, safety and operative techniques of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) in treating osteolytic bone metastasis of cervical vertebra and reconstructing the function of cervical vertebra. Methods From March 2005 to December 2007, 10 patients with osteolytic bone metastatic carcinoma in single cervical vertebral body received PVP, including 5 males and 5 females aged 38-75 years (mean 54.5 years). Among them, 5 patients had primary lung tumor, 1 primary renal tumor, 1 primary breast tumor, 1 primary cervical tumor and 2 unknown primary lesion. The course of disease was 2-4 years. All the patients suffered from obviously cervical pain and l imitation of activity, including 4 cases of metastatic tumor of the C2 vertebral body, 2 of C3, 2 of C6 and 2 of C7. The general condition of patients was stable before operation, and no blood coagulation dysfunction, radiculalgia and spinal cord compression were detected. Lateral PVP was performed on 6 cases, approaching between the vertebral artery and the carotid sheath under CT guidance and anterolateral PVP was performed on the rest 4 cases, approaching between the trachea and the internal carotid artery under continuously X-ray fluoroscopy. The amount of bone cement injected was 3-4 mL, and the fill ing rate was 50%-100%. Results Without obvious bleeding or organ injury, the puncture was performed successfully on all the patients. Without symptom of spinal cord compression, patients suffered from pain during operation (1 case) and such compl ications noted by immediate CT or X-rays examination after operation as paravertebral epidural cement leakage (2 ases),transverse foramen cement leakage (1 case) and pinhole reflux (3 cases). The pain of patients was improved to various degree postoperatively, the visual analogue scales score was (5.9 ± 1.2) points before operation, which was changed to (2.6 ± 1.2) points at 1 hour after PVP and (1.6 ± 1.3) points at 1 week after PVP, indicating there was a significant difference between pre- and postoperation (P lt; 0.05). During the regular follow-up at 1 week, 3 and 12 months after PVP, all patients had no dislocation of cervical vertebra body, spinal cord compression and paralysis. Five patients died from multiple organ failure due to primary tumor progression, including 3 cases at 6 months after PVP and 2 at 12 months after PVP, and the rest 5 patients’ cervical pain were under control, with sound functional recovery. Conclusion PVP can rel ieve pain quickly and reinforce the stabil ity of the vertebral body, and has sl ight compl ications; the lateral approach is safe and effective.