ObjectiveTo summarize the research progress of bioenergetic metabolic mechanisms regulated of tumor cells by microRNA in recent years. MethodsLiteratures about the recent studies on the bioenergetic metabolic mechanisms regulated of tumor cells by microRNA were reviewed according to the results searched from PUBMED. ResultsAerobic glycolysis(Warburg effect) is the most significant characteristics of bioenergetic metabolism in tumor cells. MicroRNAs can regulate many key progressions involved in tumor cells bioenergetic metabolism, such as uptake of glucose, glycolytic pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle(TAC), and the relationship among lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and TAC, resulting in accelerated uptake of glucose and glycolysis. Thus we believe that the transportation and metabolic procession are vital important for tumor cells and related to poor prognosis of patients. ConclusionsThe studies on relationship between microRNA and bioenergetic metabolism have come an important insight for malignant biological behavior of tumor cells based on abnormal bioenergetic metabolism and also become new and important supplementary means of diagnosis and treatment of cancer. As far as the research progress about tumor cells bioenergetic metabolism regulated by microRNA, one of the things must be revealed is that which metablic factors can directly change tumor biological behavior after tumor cells bioenergetic metabolism changed caused by microRNA.
ObjectiveTo summarize the research progress of yes association protein (YAP) mechanisms regulatedby different signaling pathways in tumor cells in recent years. MethodsLiteratures about the recent studies on the YAP mechanisms regulated by different signaling pathways in tumor cells were reviewed according to the results searched from PubMed database. ResultsIn addition to the traditional HIPPO pathway for the regulation of YAP, YAP is also regulated by the Rho-GTPases, JNK, and Wnt/β-Catenin signal pathways. ConclusionYAP is regulated by many factors in tumor cells, so better understand the mechanisms of YAP regulated by different signaling pathways will provide anovel putative target fortumor diagnosis and therapy in the future.
ObjectiveTo summarize the regulating mechanism of microRNA in tumor microenvironment. MethodThe literatures about the studies on the mechanism regulated by microRNA for tumor microenvironment were reviewed according to the results searched from PubMed in recent years. ResultsmicroRNA might be participated in regulation of tumor microenvironment factors such as hypoxia-inducible factor, tumor associated fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, which leaded to a change in biological behavior of tumor cells by reforming the microenviroment. ConclusionsmicroRNA has been participated in regulating many factors of tumor microenvironment. The change of neoplastic microenvironment has been recognized to play a critical role in the development of cancer. Therefore revealing microRNA mechanism for tumor microenvironment could not only help exploring the biological behavior of tumor cells, but also come an important insight for new means of diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
ObjectiveTo summarize the latest research advance of monocarboxylate transporter proteins in malignant tumors in recent years. MethodsLiteratures about the recent studies on the regulation of monocarboxylate transporter proteins and the regulation of bioenergetic metabolic mechanisms in malignant tumors were reviewed according to the literatures searched from domestic and foreign databases. ResultsThe abnormal high expression of the monocarboxylate transporter proteins existed in most of tumor cells' membrane, which endowed tumor cells high glycolysis rate and acid resistant phenotype, providing theoretical proofs for study of malignant biological behavior and therapeutic target of cancer cells. ConclusionsThe studies about the regulation of monocarboxylate transporter proteins on tumors' microenvironment and bioenergetic metabolism provide important clues for solving the mechanism of malignant biological behavior of tumor cells which based on abnormal bioenergetic metabolism. in this point, they also provide an opportunity for cancer treatment and are likely to become a new hotspot in cancer treatment.
ObjectiveTo investigate the significance of expression and correlation of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and yes association protein (YAP) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue, and then explore the relationship between the 2 kinds of protein. MethodsA total of 120 patients' HCC tissues and adjacent tissues were collected retrospectively, who treated in our hospital from Apr. 2010 to Oct. 2013, the expressions of PKM2 and YAP protein in these HCC tissues and adjacent tissues were detected by SP immunohistochemical method, and then analyzed the relationship between the expressions of PKM2 and YAP ptotein with the clinicopathological features of HCC. Of the 120 patients, the expressions of YAP and PKM2 protein and its mRNA in 50 cases of HCC tissues and adjacent tissues were also examined by Western blot and real-time PCR methods respectively. Results① The immunohistochemical results showed that, the positive rate of PKM2 protein and YAP protein in HCC tissues were 67.50% (81/120) and 71.67% (86/120) respectively, which were both higher than those of adjacent tissues[PKM2 protein:20.83% (25/120); YAP protein:29.17% (35/120)], P < 0.050. ② The expression of PKM2 protein was significantly positively correlated with the expression of YAP protein in HCC tissues (r=0.519, P < 0.001). ③ In HCC tissues, the expression of PKM2 protein was significantly correlated with the diameter of tumor, TNM staging, differentiation of HCC, and lever of alpha fetal protein (P < 0.050), and the expression of YAP protein was significantly correlated with the differentiation of HCC and lever of alpha fetal protein (P < 0.050). ④ Western blot results showed that, the expression levels of PKM2 protein and YAP protein in HCC tissues were 1.25± 0.11 and 1.08±0.10 respectively, which were significantly higher than those of adjacent tissues (PKM2 protein:0.38±0.01, YAP protein:0.41±0.02), P < 0.050. ⑤ Real-time PCR assays results showed that, basing the expressions of PKM2 mRNA and YAP mRNA in adjacent tissues (both as 1), expressions of PKM2 mRNA and YAP mRNA in HCC tissues were 11.38±0.35 and 19.96±0.48 respectively, which were both higher than those of adjacent tissues (P < 0.050). ConclusionPKM2 and YAP protein were related to the initiation of HCC, and they were also closely correlated with the differentiation and prognosis of HCC.
ObjectiveTo understand the latest research progress of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in occurrence and development mechanisms of common digestive system neoplasms. MethodLiteratures about regulated occurrence and development mechanisms of digestive system neoplasms by lncRNA were reviewed according to the results searched from PubMed. ResultsThere were three main function modes (decoy, guide, and scaffold) of the lncRNAs, which could regulate proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis of the digestive system neoplasms, such as gastrointestinal cancer, liver cancer, and pancreatic cancer through the mechanisms of the epigenetic regulation, transcription regulation, and posttranscription regulation. ConclusionsThe functions and tumorigenic mechanisms of the most lncRNAs are not entirely clear. The functions of lncRNAs played in the digestive system neoplasms needs to be understood, which might contribute to new tumor biomarker detection and effective treatment strategies.