Objective To investigate the validity of estimating American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade with a bowel-routine based self-administered questionnaire for assessment of sacral sparing after spinal cord injury (SCI).Methods The 5-item SCI sacral sparing self-report questionnaire was administrated to SCI inpatients from August 2014 to July 2016, followed by an standardized digital rectal examination. Question 1 (perceiving the tissue), Question 2 (identifying the water temperature as warm or cold), Question 3 (perceiving the inserted finger), and Question 4 (perceiving the inserted enema tube) tested the sensory sacral sparing, and Question 5 (holding the enema for more than 1 min) evaluated the voluntary anal sphincter contraction. Based on the answers from each participant, the sensory and motor sacral sparing was implied, and an estimated AIS grade (AIS A, AIS B, or AIS C/D) was recorded. Agreement of the estimated AIS grade and the actual AIS grade according to the physical examination was analyzed. Sensitivity, specificity, and Youden’s index of the questionnaire for estimating completeness of injury were calculated.ResultsA total of 102 SCI patients were enrolled. The general agreement of estimated and actual AIS grades was good (κ=0.681, P<0.001). For the estimation of a complete injury, both the sensitivity (87.10%) and the specificity (100.00%) of this questionnaire were high, with a Youden’s index of 0.87. For the estimation of a motor complete injury, the sensitivity increased (92.00%) while the specificity decreased slightly (75.00%), with a Youden’s index of 0.67.ConclusionsThe validity of this self-report questionnaire for estimation of AIS grade is good. In some situations, it could be considered as an alternative tool for the estimation of sacral sparing as well as the AIS grades within SCI individuals, especially when repeated anorectal examinations are not feasible.
As the “power center” of the cell and the center of metabolic signaling, mitochondria play an important role before, during, and after cerebral ischemia. After ischemic stroke, molecules such as mitoNEET, optic atrophy 1, and mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 can play a neuroprotective role by regulating the state of the mitochondria. Mitochondria are not only energy-supplying organelles, but their biogenesis and movement also play an important role in neuronal growth, differentiation, synapse formation and neural circuit formation after ischemic stroke. Rehabilitation at all stages can play a therapeutic role by modulating mitochondrial function.
ObjectiveTo systematically review the efficacy and safety of vaccines for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) . Methods The CNKI, VIP, WanFang Data, PubMed, EMbase and Web of Science databases were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines from their inception to June 30th, 2022. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Meta-analysis was then performed using RevMan 5.3 software and Stata 12.0 software. Results A total of 13 RCTs involving 139 015 subjects were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that the sero-antibody conversion rate (RR=37.883, 95%CI 8.086 to 177.491, P<0.001) and infection prevention rate (RR=1.011, 95%CI 1.006 to 1.017, P<0.001) of the vaccine group were higher than those of the placebo group. The incidence of adverse reactions in the vaccine group was higher than that in the placebo group (OR=1.839, 95%CI 1.165 to 2.903, P=0.009), which mainly included pain, redness, swelling, fever, headache and itching (P<0.05). However, the incidence of serious adverse reactions was not significantly different from that of the placebo group. Conclusion The current evidence shows that the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines is high. The most prevalent adverse reactions are mild and moderate, and severe adverse reactions are the same as those of the placebo group. Due to the limited quality and quantity of the included studies, more high-quality studies are required to verify the above conclusion.
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical features and changes of EEG in children with late onset epilepsy spasm. MethodsThe clinical data, treatment, follow-up and outcome of 13 patients with late-onset epilepsy spasms were analyzed retrospectively from June 2010 to August 2015 in Bo ai Hospital of Zhong Shan City.Affiliated Southern Medical University ResultsThirteen cases of children were enrolled in the group, including 9 males and 4 females, the onset of age were 1 year 3 months to 5 years 7 months, duration of treatment were 1 year 5 months to 4 years 8months.Seven cases of children had clear cause in 13 patients: 2 cases of viral encephalitis, 3 cases of HIE, 1 case of neonatal sepsis, ARDS, and 1 case of methylmalonic acid hyperchomocysteinemia.Six cases did not clear the cause.Spasm is still the main type of Seizures.Seven cases had seizures with partial origin.the most onset time were awake period and wake up for the time, and coexisted with other types of seizures.EEG in Epileptic seizures period was a broad range of high amplitude slow wave, slow bursts, complex or non-composite low amplitude fast wave, sometimes with the burst after the voltage attenuation of a few seconds, string or isolation occurs.Synchronous bilateral deltoid EMG monitoring showed bilateral or unilateral synchronous EMG 1 ~ 2s Bilateral or unilateral synchronous EMG outbreak1-2s.Intermittent EEG showed multifocal and extensive epileptic discharge, still sharp (spine) slow wave continuous release based.Treatment: All children underwent ACTH or methylprednisolone immunoregulation treatment, 3 cases underwent ketone diet therapy.At the same time choice valproic acid, topiramate, clonazepam, lamotrigine, levarabesilan and other anti-broad-spectrum antiepileptic drugs, according to the history.all children were taken in combination with the way.Prognosis: 13 patients'seizures reduced or controled after the end of the ACTH or methylprednisolone immunotherapy course.followed-up 3 to 12 months, the clinical attack control were failed 3 cases had relatively good prognosis, treated with Ketogenic diet (Lasted for 1 year 3 mothes~2 years 5 mothes), one case of attack control, mental improvement significantly, Another 2 cases, the numbers of episodes were reduced and the level of intelligence were significantly improved. ConclusionPerinatal factors and acquired brain injury are the most common cause of pathogenesis.Spasm as a major form of attack, and other forms of coexistence.EEG is not typical of high degree of performance.Simultaneous EMG monitoring shows bilateral or unilateral synchronous EMG outbreaks.The treatment of various antiepileptic drugs were ineffective.The vast majority of patients developed refractory epilepsy.Ketogenic diet treatment may be a relatively good choice.
Objective To evaluate the methodological quality and reporting quality of clinical guidelines and consensus on central venous catheters. Methods The PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, CBM, WanFang Data, CNKI databases and Guidelines International Network, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Medive.cn websites were searched to collect clinical guidelines and consensus related to central venous catheters. The retrieval time was from the establishment of the database to October 2022. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data and used evaluation tools AGREE Ⅱ and RIGHT to evaluate the quality of the included studies. Results A total of 34 central venous catheter guidelines and consensus were included. The average score for each field of AGREE II was 53.73% for scope and purpose, 39.26% for participants, 39.57% for rigor, 46.76% for clarity, 30.23% for application and 49.18% for editorial independence. Items 1a, 1b, 3, and 4 (100.00%) had the highest reporting rate in the RIGHT evaluation items, followed by items 19a (97.05%), 2/19b (94.11%), 20 (91.17%), 7b/11a (88.23%), and 7a (85.29%). The reporting rate of the remaining items was below 60%. Subgroup analysis results showed that the average score and RIGHT score of the guidance class in the four fields of AGREE Ⅱ (rigor, clarity, application and editorial independence) were higher than those of the consensus class. Guidelines and consensus formulated based on evidence-based medicine methods were higher than those formulated based on expert opinions or reviews in the three fields of AGREE II (rigor, application and editorial independence). The average scores of foreign guidelines and consensus in 6 fields and RIGHT scores of AGREE Ⅱ were higher than those of domestic guidelines and consensus. Conclusion The AGREE Ⅱ of 6 fields average score and RIGHT score in foreign guidelines are higher than those in domestic guidelines.